Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of surface and sub-surface waters in fire and non-fire zones of Jharia Coal Field in District Dhanbad, India (original) (raw)
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Fire Science and Engineering, 2023
This study aimed to investigate the impact of the combustion environment on the fire characteristics of wood combustibles to improve the accuracy of Performance-Based Design (PBD) by ensuring appropriate input of fire source information. Ten types of wood combustibles with different fire loads were burned in an open environment and in compartments with various ventilation conditions. The results showed that there was a decrease in the maximum heat release rate due to incomplete combustion when the global equivalence ratio was 0.74 or higher. The combustion efficiency of the compartment fires with incomplete combustion was reduced to less than 70% and the maximum heat release rate was lower than that of the open environment experiment conducted for the same combustibles. Based on these findings, a range of fire conditions in which the experimental results in an open environment can be used as fire source information for compartment fire was proposed.
Assessment of Water Resources Vulnerability Index by Nation
Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, 2014
Discussions for water resources vulnerability and index development with sustainable concept are actively being made in recent years. Based on such index, water resources vulnerability of present and future is determined and diagnosed. This study calculated the water resources vulnerability rankings by 152 nations, using indicator related to water resources assessment that can be obtained from World Bank, VRI (Vulnerability Resilience Indicator), ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index). In order to quantitatively assess of water resources vulnerability based on this indicator, TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) technique was applied to index water vulnerability and to determine the rankings by nations. As a results, South Korea was ranked as the 88th among the 152 nations including Korea. Among the continents, Oceania was the least vulnerable and Afirica was the most vulnerable in continents. WUnited State, Japan, Korea and China were vulnerable in order among the major countries. Therefore, water resources vulnerability rankings by nations in this study helps us to better understand the situation of South Korea and provide the data for water resources planning and measure.
Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems, 2015
Groundwater resources at Dalad, Inner Mongolia were investigated by groundwater metering in 2013 as supplementary investigation during 2002-2006. Since Dalad is located in the middle reach area of the Yellow River basin and classified as arid or semi-arid area with less than 360mm precipitation and more than 2,200mm potential evaporation, the river water is not sufficiently supplied to the area and therefore, irrigation and industrial waters inevitably depend on groundwater resources. As a result of the investigation, groundwater levels at almost of all the observation wells have descended remarkably since 2005 and especially the decreases in the southern part of the objective area are severe by a range of 0.8-5.4m. The groundwater amount in the southern part in 2013 is roughly estimated to be 2.91×10 7 m 3 , which proves a distinct downward trend. According to the autoregressive-like forecasts, including the Holt-Winters method, the unconfined groundwater in the southern part would be unavailable in the middle of 2030's. The groundwater amount of the objective area is also decreasing severely and the increase in irrigation and industrial waters must be its potential reasons, except the decrease in the precipitation during 2005-2013. The change of the groundwater usage and flows might decrease the discharge of the Yellow River through the groundwater seepage and it is not only a water resources problem in this area, but also in the basin scale. Therefore, the groundwater management in this area is a pressing issue and should be done by local government or some water-utilization association against both irrigation water and industry water users. The water resources are inherently including uncertainty, so continuing observation is essential to maintain the water resources at Dalad.
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 2017
The soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) represents the relation between soil water potential and soil water content. The shape and range of SWCC according to the relation could vary depending on soil characteristics. The objective of the study was to estimate SWCC depending on soil types and layers and to analyze the trend among them. To accomplish this goal, the unsaturated three soils were considered: silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam soils. Weighable lysimeters were used for exactly measuring soil water content and soil water potential. Two fitting models, van Genuchten and Campbell, were applied. Two models entirely fitted well the measured SWCC, indicating low RMSE and high R 2 values. However, the large difference between the measured and the estimated was found at the 30 cm layer of the silty clay loam soil, and the gap was wider as soil water potential increased. In addition, the non-linear decrease of soil water content according to the increase of soil water potential tended to be more distinct in the sandy loam soil and at the 10 cm layer than in the silty clay loam soil and at the lower layers. These might be seen due to the various factors such as not only pore size distribution, but also cracks by high clay content and plow pan layers by compaction. This study clearly showed difficulty in the estimation of SWCC by such kind of factors.
2020
The purpose of this paper is to develop a fire HRA (Human Reliability Analysis) procedure for full power operation of domestic NPPs (Nuclear Power Plants). For the development of fire HRA procedure, the recent research results of NUREG-1921 in an effort to meet the requirements of the ASME/ANS PRA Standard were reviewed. The K-HRA method, a standard method for HRA of a domestic level 1 PSA (Probabilistic Safety Assessment) and fire related procedures in domestic NPPs were reviewed. Based on the review, a procedure for the fire HRA required for a domestic fire PSA based on the K-HRA method was developed. To this end, HRA issues such as new operator actions required in the event of a fire and complexity of fire situations were considered. Based on the four kinds of HFE (Human Failure Event) developed for a fire HRA in this research, a qualitative analysis such as feasibility evaluation was suggested. And also a quantitative analysis process which consists of screening analysis and detailed analysis was proposed. For the qualitative analysis, a screening analysis by NUREG-1921 was used. In this research, the screening criteria for the screening analysis was modified to reduce vague description and to reflect recent experimental results. For a detailed analysis, the K-HRA method and scoping analysis by NUREG-1921 were adopted. To apply K-HRA to fire HRA for quantification, efforts to modify PSFs (Performance Shaping Factors) of K-HRA to reflect fire situation and effects were made. For example, an absence of STA (Shift Technical Advisor) to command a fire brigade at a fire area is considered and the absence time should be reflected for a HEP (Human Error Probability) quantification. Based on the fire HRA procedure developed in this paper, a case study for HEP quantification such as a screening analysis and detailed analysis with the modified K-HRA was performed. It is expected that the HRA procedure suggested in this paper will be utilized for fire PSA for domestic NPPs as it is the first attempt to establish an HRA process considering fire effects.
2020
Based on monthly average groundwater recharge over a nearly 10 year period, results of fully integrated hydrologic modeling of SWAT-MODFLOW, land cover, land use, soil type and hydrologic response unit (HRU) was used to assess the dominant influencing factors of groundwater recharge spatial patterns in Jangseong district. As dominant factors, land cover was FRSE (forest-evergreen) and soil type was Samgag. Landsat-8 OLI imaging spectrometer data were acquired in the period 2003 to 2004 and seasonal bare soil lines (BSL) were estimated through NIR-RED plot. Extent of slope of BSL was from 1.092 to 1.343 and the intercept was from -0.004 to -0.015. To know correlation between spatial groundwater recharge and soil-vegetation indices (PVI, NDVI, NDTI, NDRI), this study employed frequency and regression analysis. On May, RED band increased up 3 to 4 times compared to other seasons and only one turning point appeared as recharge-index with upward parabola bell shape as results of existing...
Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer, 2018
Long-term monitoring of soil chemical properties is the main agricultural practices to improve crop yield and soil fertility. Field monitoring was performed to evaluate the chemical properties of 200 greenhouse soil samples every 4 years from 2000 to 2016 in Gyeongnam province, South Korea. Soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), amount of organic matter (OM), available phosphate (P 2 O 5), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3-N), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) were analyzed. In 2016, the average concentration of soils under greenhouse condition showed 6.8 for pH, 3.52 dS m-1 for EC, 40 g kg-1 for OM, 1,065 mg kg-1 for P 2 O 5 , 154 mg kg-1 for NO 3-N, 2.35 cmol c kg-1 for K, 12.8 cmol c kg-1 for Ca, 4.0 cmol c kg-1 for Mg, and 0.91 cmol c kg-1 for Na. In addition, the average concentrations of OM, K, Ca, and Na have tended to increase with year. In 2016, the frequency distribution of excessive level of soils under greenhouse condition was 43% for pH, 61% for OM, 94% for P 2 O 5 , 89% for K, 96% for Ca, and 83% for Mg. Soil EC values of green pepper, tomato, and lettuce were significantly higher than those of carrot, strawberry, and squash (p < 0.05), whereas soil pH was significantly lower in the carrot and lettuce than that in the strawberry (p < 0.05). Soil pH was significantly correlated with the EC, NO 3-N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na. The value of EC was also positively correlated with the OM, P 2 O 5 , NO 3-N, K, Ca, Mg, and Na. In conclusion, the long-term information on soil chemical properties will be helpful to improve sustainable soil and nutrient management for greenhouse farming.