Accuracy and Reliability of Soft Tissue Landmarks Using Three-Dimensional Imaging in Comparison With Two-Dimensional Cephalometrics: A Systematic Review (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Dentistry, 2016
Purpose. The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate correlations between 3D facial soft tissue scan and lateral cephalometric radiography measurements.Materials and Methods. The study sample comprised 312 subjects of Caucasian ethnic origin. Exclusion criteria were all the craniofacial anomalies, noticeable asymmetries, and previous or current orthodontic treatment. A cephalometric analysis was developed employing 11 soft tissue landmarks and 14 sagittal and 14 vertical angular measurements corresponding to skeletal cephalometric variables. Cephalometric analyses on lateral cephalometric radiographies were performed for all subjects. The measurements were analysed in terms of their reliability and gender-age specific differences. Then, the soft tissue values were analysed for any correlations with lateral cephalometric radiography variables using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis.Results. Low, medium, and high correlations were found for sagittal and vertical...
The goal of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning has been to decide a course of orthodontic treatment based on the evaluation of the initial condition of the patient's anatomy evaluated from different types of data sources (i.e. 2D Cephalometric & Panoramic X-rays, 2D Facial & Intra-oral Photographs, 3D Study Models of the teeth, etc). Presently, the evaluation of the anatomical relationships, by the use of various two-dimensional imaging modalities, such as: Photographs, X-rays, Cephalometric tracings & analysis, etc., have only given a small amount of accurate 3D information when compared the "Anatomic Truth" of the patient's actual three-dimensional anatomy (1,7,9,22) . The only true three-dimensional information we routinely use today is from our evaluation of the "live patient" in the chair and from plaster study models of the teeth or from the creation of 3D digital study models from various scanning techniques. The three-dimensional informa...
Accuracy and reliability of 2D cephalometric analysis in orthodontics
Revista Portuguesa de Estomatologia, Medicina Dentária e Cirurgia Maxilofacial, 2014
Lateral cephalometric radiography is commonly used as a standard tool in orthodontic assessment and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the available scientific literature and existing evidence for the validation of using lateral cephalometric imaging for orthodontic treatment planning. The secondary objective was to determine the accuracy and reliability of this technique. We did not attempt to evaluate the value of this radiographic technique for other purposes. A literature search was performed using specific keywords on electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Two reviewers selected relevant articles, corresponding to predetermined inclusion criteria. The electronic search was followed by a hand search of the reference lists of relevant papers. Two reviewers assessed the level of evidence of relevant publications as high, moderate or low. Based on this, the evidence grade for diagnostic efficacy was rated as strong, moderately strong, limited or insufficient. The initial search revealed 784 articles listed in MEDLINE (Ovid), 1,034 in Scopus and 264 articles in the Web of Science. Only 17 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for qualitative synthesis. Results showed seven studies on the role of cephalometry in orthodontic treatment planning, eight concerning cephalometric measurements and landmark identification and two on cephalometric analysis. It is surprising that, notwithstanding the 968 articles published in peer-reviewed journals, scientific evidence on the usefulness of this radiographic technique in orthodontics is still lacking, with contradictory results. More rigorous research on a larger study population should be performed to achieve full evidence on this topic.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 2013
Introduction: Orthodontists rely heavily on soft-tissue analysis to determine facial esthetics and treatment stability. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the equivalence of soft-tissue measurements between the 3dMD imaging system (3dMD, Atlanta, Ga) and the segmented skin surface images derived from cone-beam computed tomography. Methods: Seventy preexisting 3dMD facial photographs and conebeam computed tomography scans taken within minutes of each other for the same subjects were registered in 3 dimensions and superimposed using Vultus (3dMD) software. After reliability studies, 28 soft-tissue measurements were recorded with both imaging modalities and compared to analyze their equivalence. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess interexaminer and intraexaminer repeatability and agreement. Summary statistics were calculated for all measurements. To demonstrate equivalence of the 2 methods, the difference needed a 95% confidence interval contained entirely within the equivalence limits defined by the repeatability results. Results: Statistically significant differences were reported for the vermilion height, mouth width, total facial width, mouth symmetry, soft-tissue lip thickness, and eye symmetry. Conclusions: There are areas of nonequivalence between the 2 imaging methods; however, the differences are clinically acceptable from the orthodontic point of view.
The application of the diagnostic 3-D imaging procedures in maxillofacial orthopedics
Three-dimensional changes of the facial soft tissue after bimaxillary surgery of skeletal class III patients: a prospective study. Award: III Prize poster presentation in a congress (international): 96 List of Abbreviations CBCT/ CT Cone beam/ computed tomography CFAs Craniofacial anomalies OMSs Oral and maxillofacial surgeons AAOMS Association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons MCA Multiple congenital abnormalities CL/P Cleft lip and palate CO Central occlusion CR Central relation RME Rapid maxillary expansion 2D Two-dimensional 3D Three-dimensional 4D Four-dimensional MRI Magnetic resonance imaging TMJ Temporomandibular joint CMM Coordinate measurement machines LED Light emitting diode STL Stereolithography ICC Interclass correlation coefficient ADRL Average distances between the reciprocal landmarks BSSRO Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy MSS Mandibular setback surgery 1.3 Skeletal and dental consideration in the transverse dimension Maxillary transverse deficiency may be one of the most pervasive skeletal problems in the craniofacial region (7). The transverse dimension is often interrelated with the sagittal and vertical dimensions. However, the transverse dimension relates primarily to the posterior occlusion, and any discrepancy is usually manifest as a unilateral or bilateral crossbite of the buccal occlusion. 1.4 Surgical correction of the craniofacial deformities: According to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS), orthognathic surgery is the surgical correction of abnormalities of the mandible, maxilla, or both. The underlying abnormality may be present at birth or may become evident as the patient grows 1.5.2 Importance of the facial soft tissue in surgical treatment The focus on soft tissue has also emphasized the growing importance of the aesthetic outcomes of surgery, particularly during orthognathic surgery planning (23), because it has the objective of correcting skeletal discrepancies, as well as altering facial balance (24), In these respects, It is important to understand the relationship between the movement of the facial soft tissue envelope 1.6.2.2 Intraoral Scanning With the introduction of the intraoral scanning technique, disadvantages of conventional impression techniques such as dimensional changes of impression materials, storage problems, and dental cast errors are overcome. Also, it is easier to take impressions from patients with gag reflexes (32). The development of digital models allows to obtain 3D diagnostic information,
Journal of Morphological Sciences
RTG projections are essential for diagnosis, treatment plan, follow-up and treatment outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry, which is done using a cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) examination, allows more detailed evaluation of the craniofacial hard and soft tissue structures than 2D radiograph. Using 3D analyses in diagnostic and treatment planning in orthodontics is more than necessary in cases with impacted teeth, cleft lip, and skeletal discrepancies requiring surgical interventions. CBCT has come into wider usage in other situations as root resorption, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology and pathology, supernumerary teeth, alveolar boundary conditions and asymmetries; maxillary transverse dimensions and maxillary expansion; vertical malocclusion and obstructive sleep apnoea. The present descriptive study aimed to explore possible applications of 3D technologies during the diagnosis, treatment plan, case monitoring and result assessment in orthodontics including their advantages and disadvantages. Utilisation of 3D technique was more than necessary in diagnostic and treatment planning in this case because of presence of more than one impacted tooth. The fixed appliances, the surgical exposure, cortectomy and orthodontic traction were done. The tooth movement and positioning to the dental arch started six months ago. The impacted tooth is already seen and the treatment continues. The severity of this case is indication for utilization of control 2D and 3D radiographs in manner following the positioning of the central incisor on the appropriate place. 3D technique is less prone to error and can improve the clinicians' workflow.
Three dimensional technique of imaging in orthodontics: A review
IP Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research, 2021
The process of deploying the two dimensional data in to the three dimensional format is three dimensional imaging. Now a days three dimensional imaging is developing as an emerging factor in the field of dentistry. Three dimensional imaging is useful in the field of orthodontics, to view the anatomy along with the morphology of the bone for desired tooth movement, it is useful in the field of prosthodontics to check or verify the bone morphology, exact height and width of the bone for the process placing implant, three dimensional imaging is quite useful in the field of endodontics along with oral surgery to view the anatomy of the root curvature, to confirm the presence of accessory canals to confirm the bony architectural defect in oral surgical procedures. So in present days three dimensional imaging plays an important role in diagnosis as well as treatment planning in the field of dentistry.
3D imaging applications in Orthognathic Surgery and Reliability of chosen landmarks
Many 3-dimensional (3D) techniques have been utilized to register and analyze the face in 3 dimensions, but each system has its own merits and disadvantages. C3D is a relatively new 3D imaging system that was developed to capture the 3D geometry of the face. Landmark identification on 3D facial models is facilitated by a software-based facial analysis tool developed by the authors. The reproducibility of landmark identification was high for 20 of the chosen points (standard deviations of repeated placements of landmarks around their centroids were 0.5 mm or less). The method is useful in studying facial soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery and other types of facial surgery, as well as assessing facial soft tissue growth and development of the craniofacial complex. (Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg 2002;17:318-330) The correction of dentofacial deformities requires teeth and jaws to be manipulated in 3 dimensions to achieve the best results within the constraints of esthetics, stability, and function. Assessment of facial appearance, although clearly a 3-dimensional (3D) problem, has been attempted with 2D photographs and radiographs. Many 3D techniques have been used in attempts to capture facial topography and to meet the shortcomings of conventional 2D (photograph or radiograph) methods. These techniques have included: morphanalysis, 2 laser scanning, 3,4 3D computerized tomographic (CT) scanning, 5 stereolithography, 6 3D ultrasonography, 7 3D facial morphometry, 8,9 digigraph imaging, 10 Moiré topography, 11 and contour photography. This paper aims to review the techniques that have been employed to capture 3D data of patients' faces, discussing their advantages and their possible shortcomings. The application of a new stereophotogrammetric technique is presented, and the reproducibility of identifying landmarks is evaluated.