Induksi Embrio Somatik Dari Tanaman Kakao Adaptive Aceh Menggunakan Eksplan Bunga Serta Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Picloram (original) (raw)
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Trends in Sciences, 2021
This study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of 4 elite cocoa clones (MCBC1, PBC230, KKM22 and KKM4) propagated via somatic embryogenesis culture. From the findings, all clones have similar reproductive characteristics with clones from conventional grafted. However, only KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo culture produced the shortest staminode to style distance of 1.83 mm. This consequently influenced flower stability by reducing the efficiency of pollination by insects. It was found that this clone also has the highest number of flowers drop after anthesis (5 flowers) and lowest production of cherelle (5 cherelles). Further observation revealed that floral development from first bud visible (BBCH51) to flower anthesis (BBCH68) of all clones took around 31 days. These cocoa flowers which remained receptive soon after anthesis at 10 am (day-31) until the next day (day-32) suggesting 2 days’ period of receptivity. HIGHLIGHTS It is crucial to assess the p...
Production of cocoa plants (Theobroma cacao L.) via micrografting of somatic embryos
1992
The possibilities for in vitro regeneration of cocoa plants have been limited. Somatic embryos can differentiate from cotyledonary cells, but their conversion into plants has remained largely unsolved. In the present study, we attempted micrografting of somatic embryos to seedling rootstocks. Different conditions were analyzed for the rootstocks and embryos, and it was found that complete plant regeneration eeeded about 10 mo. The best results were obtained using a simple culture medium, 3-wk-old rootstocks, and somatic embryos without cotyledons. Histologic events associated with the graft union were also analyzed. Cells, mainly from the rootstock, initiate cellular division in different patterns, producing a callus at the graft junction. Within this region some cells differentiated into zylem and phloem, establishing vascular connection in the graft. Afterward, micrografted plants start to grow and differentiate new leaves and roots allowing for transfer to soil.
Field Performance of Cocoa Somaclones Derived from Somatic Embryogenesis
2021
The dissemination of elite cocoa varieties obtained by somatic embryogenesis is strongly recommended to address the high demand for elite planting material. The acceptance of these types of planting materials by farmers is a major concern for plant Scientists, growers and policies maker. The behaviour and agronomic performances of material produced by somatic embryogenesis were determined by parameters such as plant vigor, yield, and resistance to black pod disease. The material was assessed during five years on farms at Divo and Zambakro, two different locations in Cote d’Ivoire, the leading cocoa-producing country in the world. This study revealed that trees of the same clone produced by somatic embryogenesis techniques have a little morpho-agronomic heterogeneity in the fields, as suggested by the geographical position of these trees in the plots. In this study, we demonstrate that trees from somatic embryogenesis have kinetics of growth and pods production similar to trees from ...
Cocoa propagation, technologies for production of seedlings
Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
The vegetative propagation in cacao has been used in Central America since the beginning of the last century. However, only from the end of the century this technique has been intensified in the state of Bahia, where vegetative propagation changes have increased the yield of cocoa growing areas, especially those using other technologies associated with clonal seedlings. The use of clonal garden to collect stems in nursery can reduce by 80% the space required for maintenance of stock plants. On the other hand, the buds obtained from orthotropic and plagiotropic shoots are used to improve the performance protocols and reduce production costs of seedlings. Among the current and future challenges in the production of cocoa seedlings emphasizes the somatic embryogenesis and rootstock with disease resistance. These technologies to increase the productivity of the crop and permit Brazil return to the exporter condition of cocoa beans, which does not occur for more than two decades.
Optimization of somatic embryogenesis procedure for commercial clones of Theobroma cacao L
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2016
The first objective of this study was to assess and optimize somatic embryo production in a genetically diverse range of cacao genotypes. The primary and secondary somatic embryogenesis response of eight promising cacao clones and a positive control was evaluated using modified versions of standard protocols. The second objective was to optimize the efficiency of primary somatic embryogenesis for a commercially important cacao clone, CCN 51, which has proven to be quite recalcitrant to standard protocols, relative to CCN 10, a clone also included in our analysis. The efficiency of the overall process was assessed by determining the number of somatic embryos produced per starting somatic tissue explant, as well as the quality of embryos (normal vs. abnormal) produced. Donor floral explants were subjected to five tissue culture steps, each 15-25 days in duration. Although all studied genotypes produced primary somatic embryos, most of them originated only from brown or brown-white callus. Overall, flower petals performed better than staminodes, and our best performing genotype yielded an average of 7-10 embryos produced in brown callus explants with embryogenic response during primary somatic embryogenesis procedures. In conclusions our analysis from a pilot in a small-scale are: 1) it is possible to achieve a high production of plants by somatic embryogenesis, although the efficiency is highly genotype-dependent; it is therefore necessary to optimize hormone balance and hormone type, as well as the explant type for each genotype, 2) through the use of secondary somatic embryogenesis, it is possible to increase somatic embryogenesis production at least tenfold , and 3) the observed response variation between genotypes may reflect differences in endogenous and exogenouslysupplied hormones. The importance of adapting the tissue culture protocol to the genotype is discussed.
The first objective of this study was to assess and optimize somatic embryo production in a genetically diverse range of cacao genotypes. The primary and secondary somatic embryogenesis response of eight promising cacao clones and a positive control was evaluated using modified versions of standard protocols. The second objective was to optimize the efficiency of primary somatic embryogenesis for a commercially important cacao clone, CCN 51, which has proven to be quite recalcitrant to standard protocols, relative to CCN 10, a clone also included in our analysis. The efficiency of the overall process was assessed by determining the number of somatic embryos produced per starting somatic tissue explant, as well as the quality of embryos (normal vs. abnormal) produced. Donor floral explants were subjected to five tissue culture steps, each 15-25 days in duration. Although all studied genotypes produced primary somatic embryos, most of them originated only from brown or brown-white callus. Overall, flower petals performed better than staminodes, and our best performing genotype yielded an average of 7-10 embryos produced in brown callus explants with embryogenic response during primary somatic embryogenesis procedures. In conclusions our analysis from a pilot in a small-scale are: 1) it is possible to achieve a high production of plants by somatic embryogenesis, although the efficiency is highly genotype-dependent; it is therefore necessary to optimize hormone balance and hormone type, as well as the explant type for each genotype, 2) through the use of secondary somatic embryogenesis, it is possible to increase somatic embryogenesis production at least tenfold , and 3) the observed response variation between genotypes may reflect differences in endogenous and exogenously-supplied hormones. The importance of adapting the tissue culture protocol to the genotype is discussed.
Effect of osmoregulatory on the secondary somatic embryogenesis of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L
Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, 2024
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is the raw material for the worldwide chocolate industry. To ensure high quality and efficient field production, the industry relies on a uniformity of elite cocoa plants, which can be achieved through vegetative propagation methods like somatic embryogenesis. However, the low yield rate in the multiplication and regeneration of cocoa plants remains a challenge for basic research. To obtain a greater number of secondary somatic embryos (SSE) in cocoa, the effect of three osmoregulators on the disc cells of primary somatic embryos (PSE) of cocoa was studied. PSE was induced from cocoa staminodes of genotype I52. Epicotyls were selected from PSE at the torpedo and cotyledon stages, segmented into 3 mm discs, and placed in a secondary callus growth medium. The explants were transferred to embryo development medium 3, where they were exposed to the osmoregulatory polyethylene glycol (PEG), mannitol, and sorbitol at the following concentrations: 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%. D-Mannitol at 3% and D-Sorbitol at 1% increased the number of SSE at the torpedo, globular, and cotyledon stage per explant. The culture medium with 1% PEG significantly increased the formation of SSE in the globular and cotyledonal stages. The results presented a positive effect of the osmoregulators on the formation of cocoa SSE.
Micropropagation of Theobroma cacao L. using somatic embryo-derived plants
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 2003
A micropropagation protocol was developed using cacao somatic embryo-derived plants as a source for nodal and apical stem explants, and apical microcuttings. Microcuttings were efficiently rooted and developed into plantlets. Axillary meristems within the remaining decapitated plantlets subsequently developed and were used for production of additional microcuttings, with an average 2.4 growing shoots per decapitated stem. The remaining plantlets were maintained as microcutting stock plants. When nodal stem explants were cultured on thidiazuron medium, axillary buds proliferated and developed into shoots, which were excised and rooted. However, the efficiency of this method is lower than rooting of apical microcuttings harvested directly from stock plants. During root induction, short treatment with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) increased the total percentage of rooted microcuttings up to 89%. Longer exposures to IBA increased the average number of roots per microcutting (from 1.7 to 5.2). Plant acclimatization after rooting was achieved with an average success of 87%. During several months of growth in the greenhouse, the micropropagated plants developed functional taproots. Currently, cocoa plants produced by this micropropagation method have been successfully acclimated to field conditions in Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Saint Lucia.
Development of an in vitro regeneration system for Theobroma cacao from mature tissues
Plant Science, 2003
Induction of somatic embryogenesis from tissues in unopened flower buds of cocoa was studied with respect to physiological age, type of floral explant, genotype, and medium composition and phytohormones. Two-to-three-week-old staminodes were found to be the best explants for embryogenesis. Embryogenesis was affected by genotype and sugars. Two main types of abnormalities of the embryos were observed: fusion of the hypocotyls and multiple cotyledons. These embryos have a lower rate of conversion into plantlets. Cytological analyses of somatic embryo-regenerated plants revealed a somatic chromosome number of 2n 0/2x0/20, similar to seed-derived plants. #