RHETORICAL SITUATION AND EFFECTIVE RHETORICAL DISCOURSE IN ANIMAL FARM (original) (raw)
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Linguistic Manipulation in Orwell's Animal Farm: A Pragma-Stylistic Perspective
AWEJ, 2024
Orwell's (1945/2013) Animal Farm is a rich source of manipulative discourses, especially as embodied in the character Squealer, who masterfully exploits the peripheral entities. Despite its critical and widespread acclaim, the systematic exploration of specific pragma-stylistic strategies that Orwell uses to depict manipulation and propaganda are understudied in the literature. Utilizing an eclectic theoretical framework incorporating Johnson's (2000) manifest rationality theory and the deceptive principle posited by Merzah and Abbas (2020), this study performs a qualitative intra-analysis to unearth the distinct employment of a myriad of fallacies, such as scapegoating, ad nauseam, false dilemma, domino fallacy, historical negationism, and ad ignorantiam. This research aims to explore manipulative rhetoric from the viewpoint of pragma-stylistics. The significance of this research lies in its potential to deepen our understanding of rhetorical strategies in allegorical literature, offering insights into how language can be used to manipulate and influence. This study addresses the central question: How do specific pragma-stylistic strategies enable characters in Animal Farm to manipulate and propagate fallacies, and what implications does this have for understanding similar manipulative techniques in political discourse? The findings suggest a contrast between Squealer's and Napoleon's manipulative strategies: Napoleon, akin to the uncharismatic communication style of Stalin, leverages scapegoating to undermine his adversaries, while Squealer, Napoleon's rhetorical extension, focuses on distorting historical events, exaggerating consequences, and perpetuating falsehoods.
The Power of Language in Orwell’s Novel: Animal Farm a Pragmatic Study
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020
This research is concerned with analysing pragmatically the power of language upon people. The analysis focuses on the British novel, 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell. This study aims at analysing the language used in the novel and showing how it can be used as an oppressive device that can be manipulated to lead to a totalitarian state. The model of analysis that is used in the current study is Grice's theory of implicature and the cooperative principles (1975). The researcher employs qualitative method to have deep understanding and examination to the data of the present study. The results of this research reveal that pragmatic analysis shows that language can be used as a tool to spread power and authority. It can lead to a whole totalitarianism when those in power imply their aims and intuitions in the words they use. The implied meaning occurs when the speaker violates the relevance, the manner, the quality and the quantity maxims and being uncooperative. The study also shows the role and power that the language has upon the thought and behaviour of people
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Language plays a pivotal role in dystopian narrative, which gained enormous significance in the twentieth century through a boom in literary dystopias and other texts of speculative fiction. Language as an instrumental tool of social engineering becomes a functional means either manipulatively to suppress the fictional characters or to resist against the repressive power in the alternative world projections of literary dystopias. It is what shapes the formation of a certain ideological mindset granting or denying the character the opportunity to speak his/her mind. In this context, the aim of this article is to discuss the crucial role of language in dystopian fiction by analyzing manipulative discourse in George Orwell's Animal Farm.
A critical discourse analysis of linguistic manipulation in Animal Farm
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Comparative Literature: History in Literature, 1995
This paper attempts a critical discourse analysis of Orwell's Animal Farm to highlight ploys of manipulation. Animal Farm, a satire on the Russian Revolution, is constructed of three stages: a) animal suffering from human exploitation; b) the expulsion of man and the establishment of democracy; and c) the gradual deterioration into a totalitarian state. The goals for which the animals have rebelled are soon mystified by the pigs, who claim to be the "brain workers" of the farm, take privileges while exploiting the "lower animals", and continuously modify the law of the farm to suit their purposes. A critical discourse analysis is carried out to elucidate the process of manipulation by analyzing such ploys as generic statements, modality, forms of reference and address, and rewording. Such an analysis aims at highlighting the tools of domination, the language of mystification and rationalization of inequality used by the pigs to undermine the lower animals' authority over their own judgment and keep them under control. Eventually the pigs represent all "the vices of man" for which the rebellion started: injustice and abuse of power. As many of the ploys used by the pigs are true to totalitarian states, a study of the discourse of manipulation should be helpful in raising consciousness essential to the establishment of real democracy.
[Currently in preparation for publication.] This thesis examines rhetorical situation theory. Drawing upon previous literature ranging from the original Bitzer-Vatz-(Consigny) debate through recent genre studies on rhetorical situation, I present a modified version of rhetorical situation theory in light of the common ideas, disputes, strengths, and limitations of earlier works. I begin with a review of important literature in Chapter Two in order to illustrate both the similarities and differences in other theories. Then, in Chapter Three, I discuss the importance of audience, particularly fictional audiences, to the rhetorical situation. I present a modified version of rhetorical situation theory in Chapter Four and illustrate the rhetorical situation by discussing examples in Chapter Five. I also offer a universal example for rhetorical situations, one that is not designed to support any theory in particular.
The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm
Journal of Pragmatics Research
This research attempts to investigate the pragmatics presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm. Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the presupposition used in conversation in Orwell’s novella. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers and classification based on six type of presupposition. The research also attempts to analyze the function in the use of presupposition in conversation. The data in this research are in form of utterances containing presupposition. Based on the classification of six presupposition types according to Yule's theory (1996), 180 presuppositions are found: 69 (38,3%) existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction, 35 (19,4%) lexical triggered by change of state verb; implicative predicate; iterative, 53 (29,4%) structural triggered by WH-question, 4 (2,2%) factive triggered by factive verb/predicate aware glad and 19 (10,6%) non-factive triggered by the verb dream imagine. Based on the ...
The myth of the rhetorical situation
Philosophy & Rhetoric, 1973
In the opening Unes of "The Rhetorical Situation," Lloyd Bitzer states, "if someone says, That is a dangerous situation, his words suggest the présence of events, persons or objects which threaten him, someone else or something of value. If someone remarks, I find myself in an embarrassing situation, again the statement implies certain situational characteristics."1 These Statements do not imply "situational characteristics" at all. The Statements may ostensibly describe situations, but they actually only inform us as to the phenomenological perspective of the speaker. There can be little argument that the speakers believe they f eel f ear or embarrassment. Their Statements do not, however, tell us about qualities within the situation. Kenneth Burke once wrote of literary critics who attributed to others the characteristic of seeking escape: "While apparenüy defining a trait of the person referred to, thè term hardly did more than convey the attitude of the person making the référence."2 The same goes for the attribution of traits to a situation. It is a fitting of a scene into a category or catégories found in the head of the observer. No situation can hâve a nature independent of the perception of its interpréter or independent of the rhetoric with which he chooses to characterize it. In his article Bitzer states, "Rhetorical discourse is called into existence by situation"3 and "It seems clear that rhetoric is situational."4 This perspective on rhetoric and "situation" requires a "realist" philosophy of meaning. This philosophy has important and, I believe, unfortunate implications for rhetoric. In this article I plan to discuss Bitzer's view and its implications and suggest a différent perspective with a différent philosophy of meaning from which to view the relationship between "situations" and rhetoric.
The Analysis of Presupposition in George Orwell's Novella Animal Farm
This research attempts to investigate the pragmatics presupposition in George Orwell's Novella Animal Farm. Specifically, it tries to identify and classify the presupposition used in conversation in Orwell's novella. The identification is based on the presupposition triggers and classification based on six type of presupposition. The research also attempts to analyze the function in the use of presupposition in conversation. The data in this research are in form of utterances containing presupposition. Based on the classification of six presupposition types according to Yule's theory (1996), 180 presuppositions are found: 69 (38,3%) existential triggered by definite description and possessive construction, 35 (19,4%) lexical triggered by change of state verb; implicative predicate; iterative, 53 (29,4%) structural triggered by WH-question, 4 (2,2%) factive triggered by factive verb/predicate aware & glad and 19 (10,6%) non-factive triggered by the verb dream & imagine. Based on the six language function by Jakobson (1960), there are 5 functions of presupposition in the novella which are, 57 (47, 9%) referential, 33(27,7%) emotive, 25(21,1%) conative, 3(2,5%) poetic and 1 (0,8%) phatic. In this research, the practice of referential function in applying presupposition is considered as the most
Phraseologisms involved in the works of George Orwell and their analysis
“ Xorijiy tillarni o ‘qitishning zamonaviy tendensiyalari masalalari (muammo va yechimlar)” Xalqaro onlayn ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya to’plami 2023 yil 4 oktabr, 496 bet, 2023
This article analyses the characters’ connotations in George Orwell’s political allegory, Animal Farm. Connotations generally fall into three categories: positive, neutral, and negative, categories that are clearly displayed when studying its characters. So, with the three kinds of characters, men, animals, and birds, that are found in this allegory, there are some that have positive connotations, like Old Major and Snowball, to quote but two, and others, negative connotations, like Napoleon and Squealer. Those who are neutral, like the Sheep, unwillingly lean towards antivalues for a simple reason: Animal Farm is, above all, a dystopia. Today, this allegory remains topical because it discusses the ever-growing abuses of political leaders over impotent peoples, but it is a hackneyed work, just like its themes. However, it arouses a lively interest when one touches on the figurative meaning of its characters. To do this, a semantic approach is used.
Vocabulary, Story and Ideology in the Rhetoric of Persuasive Speech Estudios de
Estudios de Lingüística del Español, 2019
Resumen Partimos de las teorías de la retórica clásica, para hablar de la inventio, la dispositio, la elocutio, la memoria y la actio, comunes en todo acto comunicativo, centrándonos en dos de elementos esenciales de la retórica persuasiva: uno que está relacionado con la elocutio, es decir, el vocabulario seleccionado que determina la intención que posee el emisor a la hora de realizar el discurso, y el otro relacionado con la inventio, esto es, el tipo de discurso seleccionado: la historia o la narración como formato en el que el discurso se enmarca para llegar al receptor con la menor cantidad de esfuerzo y la mayor efectividad posible. Por lo que, desde este planteamiento, se efectúa un estudio de la palabra y el molde por el que llega el discurso para obtener una respuesta emocional en los receptores. Palabras clave: retórica, discurso persuasivo, selección léxica, relato, comunicación. Abstract Taking the theories of classical rhetoric as a starting point, we deal with inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memory and actio, common in every communicative act, and we will focus on two essential elements of persuasive rhetoric: one that is related to elocutio, that is, the selected vocabulary that determines the intention that the source has at the time of making the speech, and the other related to the inventio, that is, the type of discourse selected: the story or the narration as a format in which the discourse is framed to reach the recipient with the least amount of effort, and the greatest possible effectiveness. So, from this approach, we will study the word and the "mold" through which the discourse arrives to obtain an emotional response in the recipients.