Particle Size and Agglomeration Affect the Toxicity levels of Silver Nanoparticle types in Aquatic Environment (original) (raw)
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Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Aquatic Ecosystems
Background: In recent years, silver nanoparticles due to their antimicrobial properties, have formed about 56% of nanoparticles global production. Since the released nanoparticles ultimately enter water ecosystems, their maximum toxic effects are magnified in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study is to show how salinity can decrease the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on exposed rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as a model in aquatic eco-toxicological studies. Methods: The effects of colloidal silver nanoparticles on rainbow trout fry (n=540, 10week-old; 1000 ± 35.0 mg) were examined in two different salinities (6±0.3ppt, and 12±0.2 ppt) in comparison with de-chlorinated tap water (0.4ppt). Median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of various concentrations of the Ag-NPs (ranging from 0.25 up to 80 ppm) was determined through a 6-day static-renewal exposure of tested fish fry to the salinities. Results: LC50 of the colloidal Ag-NPs for rainbow trout fry in 12±0.2 ppt salinity was almost 20 and 2 times greater than 0.4 and 6±0.3ppt salinities, respectively. Conclusion: The release of silver nanoprticles into fresh water ecosystems can lead to more biological, physical, and chemical irrecoverable impacts on the ecosystems and their fishes in comparison with saline water ecosystems.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in fish: a critical review
The variable spectrum of applications largely depends upon silver physicochemical and biological properties which changes as the particles are decreased to nano-scale. This unique behavior is responsible for the larger use of silver in consumer product and industry. Since little information is available about toxicity to the organisms practically in the aquatic environment, the predication of possible environmental hazards and remedy are the hot topics of current research studies. Researchers are drawing more and more data from appropriate model organisms. Fish being aquatic organism is badly affected by Ag-NPs, so concern of potential risk to aquatic organism increases. The toxicity endpoints include growth and reproduction impairment, mortality and biochemical changes in both adult fish and embryos. Being a healthy food for human, the researchers try to know how Ag-NPs can affect the fish and its body when sizes decrease to nano-scale. Therefore, fish is extensively studied model ...
Toxicity comparison of colloidal silver nanoparticles in various life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), 2013
Recognizing the significance of the life stage of fish for nano-eco-toxicological studies, the acute toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was tested in three different life stages of rainbow trout. Fishes were exposed to colloidal AgNPs at nominal concentrations of 100, 32, 10, 3.2, 1, 0.32, 0.1, and 0.032 mg/L. The estimated 96 hr LC50 values were 0.25, 0.71, and 2.16 mg/L for the eleutheroembryos, larvae and juveniles, respectively, revealing a higher sensitivity for the early life stages. In addition, a dose-dependent blood plasma reduction of chloride and potassium, also increase of cortisol and cholinesterase were observed in the juveniles to exposed AgNPs when compared to the controls. Thus, colloidal AgNPs should be classified as “very toxic” and “toxic” to the eleutheroembryo-larva and juvenile stages, respectively, meaning that the release of nanosilver into the aquatic environment or its direct application as an antimicrobial agent in aquaculture should no longer be allowed.
Environmental Sciences Europe
Background Currently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have quickly emerged and have gained the attention of scientists due to their massive applications in environmental sectors. However, these environmental applications of silver nanoparticles potentially cause serious effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In the current study, freshwater fish C. carpio were exposed to blood-mediated silver nanoparticles for toxicity, mortality, bioaccumulation, and histological alterations. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated using animal blood serum and their toxic effect was studied against common carp fish at different concentrations levels (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L). Results The findings have revealed a little influence of blood-induced silver nanoparticles on fish behavior at the highest concentration (0.09 mg/L). However, bioaccumulation of blood-mediated silver nanoparticles was reported in different organs of fish. Maximum bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles was reported in ...
BackgroundCurrently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have been quickly emerged and have gained the attention of scientists due to its massive applications in environmental sectors. However, these environmental applications of silver nanoparticles potentially cause serious effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. In the current study, freshwater fish C. carpio were exposed to blood mediated AgNPs for toxicity, mortality, bioaccumulation, and histological alterations. Silver nanoparticles were fabricated using animal blood serum and their toxic effect was studied against common carp fish at different concentrations level (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L).ResultsThe findings have revealed a little effect of blood induced silver nanoparticles (B-AgNPs) on fish behavior at the highest concentration (0.09 mg/L). However, bioaccumulation of B-AgNPs was reported in different organs of fish. Maximum bioaccumulation of B-AgNPs was reported in the liver, followed by intestine, gills, and muscl...
The impact of size on the fate and toxicity of nanoparticulate silver in aquatic systems
Citrate-coated AgNPs aggregated unless humic acid present. PVP-coated AgNPs did not aggregate significantly in any medium. Humic acid reduced toxicity but did not have a strong effect on dissolution. Greater AgNP dissolution for higher chloride concentrations. Toxicity was in the order micron silver (nanoparticulate silver < ionic silver. a b s t r a c t The increased use of silver nanomaterials presents a risk to aquatic systems due to the high toxicity of silver. The stability, dissolution rates and toxicity of citrate-and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were investigated in synthetic freshwater and natural seawater media, with the effects of natural organic matter investigated in freshwater. When sterically stabilised by the large PVP molecules , AgNPs were more stable than when charge-stabilised using citrate, and were even relatively stable in seawater. In freshwater and seawater, citrate-coated AgNPs (Ag–Cit) had a faster rate of dissolution than PVP-coated AgNPs (Ag–PVP), while micron-sized silver exhibited the slowest dissolution rate. However , similar dissolved silver was measured for both AgNPs after 72 h in freshwater (500–600 lg L À1) and seawater (1300–1500 lg L À1), with higher concentrations in seawater attributed to chloride complexa-tion. When determined on a mass basis, the 72-h IC50 (inhibitory concentration giving 50% reduction in algal growth rate) for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the 48-h LC50 for Ceriodaphnia dubia exposure to Ag + (1.1, 400 and 0.11 lg L À1 , respectively), Ag–Cit (3.0, 2380 and 0.15 lg L À1 , respectively) and Ag–PVP (19.5, 3690 and 2.0 lg L À1 , respectively) varied widely, with toxicity in the order Ag + > Ag–Cit > Ag–PVP. Micron-sized silver treatments elicited much lower toxicity than ionic Ag + or AgNP to P. subcapitata. However, when related to the dissolved silver released from the nanoparticles the toxicities were similar to ionic silver treatments. The presence of natural organic matter stabilised the particles and reduced toxicity in freshwater. These results indicate that dissolved silver was responsible for the toxicity and highlight the need to account for matrix components such as chloride and organic matter in natural waters that influence AgNP fate and mitigate toxicity. Crown
Comparative Clinical Pathology, 2014
Considering the prevalence of emerging nanotechnology, predicting the environmental impact of nanomaterials has great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible accumulation and histological damage resulting from the exposure of fish to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Hence, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 21 days to sublethal concentrations of either colloidal or powdered forms of silver nanoparticles (cAgNPs or pAgNPs, respectively); the resulting histological changes (in gills, intestines, liver, and kidneys) and bioaccumulation (in gills, intestines, liver, and white muscles) were examined on days 11 and 21. In the case of cAgNPs, the highest concentrations of silver were observed in the liver, gills, and intestines. Meanwhile, in the case of pAgNPs, the highest concentrations of silver were observed in the intestines, liver, gills, and muscles. The greatest histopathological impacts were observed in the gills (mostly proliferation and inflammation), intestines (mostly necrosis and inflammation), and liver (mostly pigmentation). Thus, when taken together, the current findings indicate that both forms of AgNPs had a chronic effect on the rainbow trout (as a model aquatic organism); therefore, preventing the entry of these nanomaterials into the aquatic environment would seem to be essential.
Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout
Toxicological …, 2010
Nanomaterials -nanoparticles analysis and behaviours for different applications such as medical, biotechnology and environmental ones View project climate change and ecotoxicology: re-assessing biomarker baselines in light of a changing environment View project Despite increasing application of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in industry and consumer products, there is still little known about their potential toxicity, particularly to organisms in aquatic environments. To investigate the fate and effects of silver NPs in fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed via the water to commercial silver particles of three nominal sizes: 10 nm (N 10 ), 35 nm (N 35 ), and 600-1600 nm (N Bulk ), and to silver nitrate for 10 days. Uptake into the gills, liver, and kidneys was quantified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, and levels of lipid peroxidation in gills, liver, and blood were determined by measurements of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Expression of a suite of genes, namely cyp1a2, cyp3a45, hsp70a, gpx, and g6pd, known to be involved in a range of toxicological response to xenobiotics was analyzed in the gills and liver using real-time PCR. Uptake of silver particles from the water into the tissues of exposed fish was low but nevertheless occurred for current estimated environmental exposures. Of the silver particles tested, N 10 were found to be the most highly concentrated within gill tissues and N 10 and N Bulk were the most highly concentrated in liver. There were no effects on lipid peroxidation in any of the tissues analyzed for any of the silver particles tested, and this is likely due to the low uptake rates. However, exposure to N 10 particles was found to induce expression of cyp1a2 in the gills, suggesting a possible increase in oxidative metabolism in this tissue.
Considering the prevalence of emerging nanotech-nology, predicting the environmental impact of nanomaterials has great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible accumulation and histological damage resulting from the exposure of fish to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Hence, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 21 days to sublethal concentrations of either colloidal or powdered forms of silver nanoparticles (cAgNPs or pAgNPs, respectively); the resulting histological changes (in gills, intestines , liver, and kidneys) and bioaccumulation (in gills, intestines, liver, and white muscles) were examined on days 11 and 21. In the case of cAgNPs, the highest concentrations of silver were observed in the liver, gills, and intestines. Meanwhile, in the case of pAgNPs, the highest concentrations of silver were observed in the intestines, liver, gills, and muscles. The greatest histopathological impacts were observed in the gills (mostly proliferation and inflammation), intestines (mostly necrosis and inflammation), and liver (mostly pigmentation). Thus, when taken together, the current findings indicate that both forms of AgNPs had a chronic effect on the rainbow trout (as a model aquatic organism); therefore, preventing the entry of these nanomaterials into the aquatic environment would seem to be essential.
Aquatic Toxicity Comparison of Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nanowires
To better understand the potential ecotoxicological impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) released into freshwater environments, the toxicities of these nanomaterials were assessed and compared using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines, including a " Daphnia sp., acute immobilization test, " " Fish, acute toxicity test, " and " freshwater alga and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test. " Based on the estimated median lethal/effective concentrations of AgNPs and AgNWs, the susceptibility to the nanomaterials was different among test organisms (daphnia > algae > fish), suggesting that the AgNPs are classified as " category acute 1 " for Daphnia magna, " category acute 2 " for Oryzias latipes, and " category acute 1 " for Raphidocelis subcapitata, while the AgNWs are classified as " category acute 1 " for Daphnia magna, " category acute 2 " for Oryzias latipes, and " category acute 2 " for Raphidocelis subcapitata, according to the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals). In conclusion, the present results suggest that more attention should be paid to prevent the accidental or intentional release of silver nanomaterials into freshwater aquatic environments.