Nutrients, body composition and exercise are related to change in bone mineral density in premenopausal women (original) (raw)
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Osteoporosis International, 2002
Altogether 92 initially 25-to 30-year-old women of 132 original subjects participated in this 4year follow-up study, which evaluated the influence of physical activity and calcium intake on the bone mineral content (BMC) of premenopausal women. The subjects were originally selected for a cross-sectional study according to their level of physical activity (high PA + and low PA -) and calcium intake (high Ca + and low Ca -), and the original groups were maintained in this follow-up study. The mean loss of BMC (95% CI) in the pooled data was 1.5% (0.7% to 2.4%) at the femoral neck, 0.6% (-0.8% to 1.9%) at the trochanter and 6.0% (4.5% to 7.4%) at the distal radius during the 4-year follow-up. According to repeated measures analyses of covariance neither physical activity nor physical fitness at baseline was associated with the rate of bone loss from the proximal femur. High calcium intake and the maintenance of body weight were both associated with a lower rate of bone loss from the proximal femur and distal radius. In addition, a long duration of breast feeding was associated with a higher rate of bone loss from the distal radius.
Journal of Bone and …, 2001
Bone turnover is increased during weight loss in postmenopausal women and can be suppressed with calcium supplementation. In this study, we assessed the influence of energy restriction with and without calcium supplementation (1 g/day) in premenopausal women. Thirty-eight obese premenopausal women (body mass index [BMI] of 35.0 ؎ 3.9 kg/m 2 ) completed a 6-month study of either moderate weight loss or weight maintenance. During weight loss, women were randomly assigned to either a calcium supplementation (n ؍ 14) or placebo group (n ؍ 14) and lost 7.5 ؎ 2.5% of their body weight. The control group of women (n ؍ 10) maintained their body weight. Total body and lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) and content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and after weight loss. Throughout the study, blood and urine samples were collected to measure bone turnover markers and hormones. During moderate energy restriction, dietary calcium intake decreased (p < 0.05) and the bone resorption marker deoxypyridinoline (DPD) increased slightly (p < 0.05) without evidence of bone loss. Calcium supplementation during weight loss tended to increase lumbar BMD by 1.7% (p ؍ 0.05) compared with the placebo or weight maintenance groups. In contrast to our previous findings in postmenopausal women, premenopausal obese women who consume a low calcium diet do not lose bone over a 6-month period, whether their weight is stable or decreasing moderately. (J Bone Miner Res 2001;16:1329 -1336)
The Relationship between Nutrient Patterns and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Nutrients
In women, the menopausal transition is characterized by acid-base imbalance, estrogen deficiency and rapid bone loss. Research into nutritional factors that influence bone health is therefore necessary. In this study, the relationship between nutrient patterns and nutrients important for bone health with bone mineral density (BMD) was explored. In this cross-sectional analysis, 101 participants aged between 54 and 81 years were eligible. Body composition and BMD analyses were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Nutrient data were extracted from a 3-day diet diary (3-DDD) using Foodworks 9 and metabolic equivalent (MET-minutes) was calculated from a self-reported New Zealand physical activity questionnaire (NZPAQ). Significant positive correlations were found between intakes of calcium (p = 0.003, r = 0.294), protein (p = 0.013, r = 0.246), riboflavin (p = 0.020, r = 0.232), niacin equivalent (p = 0.010, r = 0.256) and spine BMD. A nutrient pattern high in ribofla...
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2009
The etiology of age-related bone loss is unclear but both lack of exercise and dietary calcium deficiency have been implicated in its causation. This 2-year randomized placebo-controlled study was designed to examine the effects of increased dietary calcium and exercise in 168 women who were more than 10 years postmenopausal. The subjects were randomized into one of 4 groups: placebo, milk powder containing 1 g of calcium, calcium tablets 1 ghight, and calcium tablets 1 g/night and an exercise regimen. The exercise group aimed to undertake 4 h of extra weight-bearing exercise per week and were undertaking 1Wo more activity than other groups at 2 years. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, three hip sites, and two sites of the tibia close to the ankle joint were measured at 6 month intervals. Dietary intake was evaluated by a weighed food record, exercise was evaluated by an exercise diary, and blood and urine samples were obtained to examine effects on calcium homeostasis. Individual data points were compared using repeated measures ANOVA and least squares regression. Calcium supplementation by either the calcium tablets or the milk powder resulted in cessation of bone loss at the intertrochanteric hip site (placebo, calcium tablets, calcium and exercise, milk powder -0.81, +0.17, +0.23, and +0.07% per year, respectively;~ < 0.05 for all supplementation groups compared with placebo) with similar results at the trochanteric hip site. The calcium and exercise group had less bone loss at the femoral neck site when compared with calcium supplementation alone (placebo, calcium tablets, calcium and exercise, milk powder -0.67, -0.18, +0.28, and -0.18% per year, respectively; p < 0.05 for calcium and exercise compared with calcium alone). There was a significant reduction in the rate of bone loss at the ultradistal site of the tibia (placebo, calcium tablets, calcium and exercise, milk powder -2.5, -1.6, -1.0, and -1.5% per year, respectively; p < 0.05 for all supplementation groups compared with placebo). There was no significant bone loss at the spine site in any group. These data support the implementation of a simple public health regimen to prevent age-related bone loss with calcium supplementation either by calcium tablet or by milk powder. The extra effect of exercise plus calcium at the femoral neck site suggests a site-specific effect of physical activity on bone density in addition to its possible effect to prevent fracture by maintenance of muscle strength and coordination. (J Bone Miner Res
Calcified Tissue International, 2008
This 10-year follow-up evaluated the effect of physical activity and calcium intake on proximal femur bone mass (BMC) and structural indices (CSA and Z) and physical performance. A cohort of 133 premenopausal and 134 postmenopausal women with contrasting levels of physical activity (high [PA + ]) and low [PA -]) and calcium intake (high [Ca + ] and low [Ca -]) was measured with DXA at baseline and 5 and 10 years thereafter. Among premenopausal women, the mean (95% CI) femoral neck BMC was 3.8% (-0.1 to 7.8%) and the trochanter BMC 6.7% (2.4 to 11.3%) greater in the PA + group than the PAgroup. There was no difference between the Ca-intake groups. Among postmenopausal women, the mean femoral neck BMC was 4.2% (-0.2 to 8.8%) greater in the Ca + group than in the Cagroup and 6.9% (2.2 to11.8%) greater in the PA + group than in the PAgroup. For trochanter BMC, the corresponding differences were 2.7% (-1.6 to 7.2%) and 5.5% (0.9 to 10.3%). The mean differences in CSA and Z were 3.8% (-0.9 to 8.7%) and 4.4% (-2.1 to 11.4%) in favor of the Ca + group and 6.8% (1.9 to 12.0%) and 9.6% (2.5 to 17.1%) in favor of the PA + group, respectively. Proximal femur BMC declined generally, but the initial differences between the physical activity and the calcium intake groups were maintained. High calcium intake seemed to slow the decline in trochanter BMC in premenopausal women, while high physical activity was beneficial for proximal femur, particularly among older women.
Journal of Osteoporosis, 2013
Weight-bearing and resistance physical activities are recommended for osteoporosis prevention, but it is unclear whether an intensity level above current recommendations has a positive effect on adult premenopausal women. Body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) by DXA were compared in three groups of women as follows: Sedentary, Maintenance exercise, and federated Sport Team (n=16for each group). Physical activity was estimated from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The groups did not differ in age, height, weight, or body mass index. Bone mineral content and non-fat soft tissue mass were higher and fat mass was lower in the Sport Team group than in the other groups. The same was true for BMD of total skeleton, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. A test for linear trend of body composition and BMD showed significant results when including all three groups. Simple and multiple regression analyses showed significant associations between physical ...
Osteoporosis International, 2001
This prospective study focused on lifestyle factors and weight maintenance that may modulate the rate of bone loss at the weight-bearing proximal femur and non-weight-bearing distal radius in elderly women. Altogether 128 women of 134 subjects participated in this study with a mean follow-up time 3.9 years (range 2.9-5.3 years). The initially 60-to 65-year-old subjects were originally selected by their level of physical activity [high (PA + ) and low (PA -)] and calcium intake [high (Ca + ) and low (Ca -)], and the original groups were maintained in this study. Physical fitness and bone mineral content (BMC) decreased significantly at a similar rate in all four study groups without any statistically significant between-group difference. The mean change in the muscle strength of leg extensors was 73.3% (95% CI 75% to 71.5 %) at follow-up when including all individuals. The leg extension strength was still 9.2% (95% CI 2.7% to 16.1%) better in the PA + groups compared with PAgroups at follow-up. The mean change in the forearm flexion strength was 714% (95% CI 716.5% to 711.3%) at follow-up with no difference in the strength level between PA + and PAgroups. The mean change in the estimated oxygen uptake was 73.4% (95% CI 75.6% to 71.1%) at follow-up. The PA + groups were still fitter, the betweengroup difference in the estimated oxygen uptake being 11.9% (95% CI 4.8% to 19.5%). The mean changes in BMC at follow-up were 72.1% (95% CI 73.0% to 71.2%) at the femoral neck, 71.9% (95% CI 73.2% to 70.5%) at the trochanter, and 712.4% (95% CI 715.4% to 79.4%) at the distal radius, indicating mean annual losses of 0.6% (95% CI 0.3% to 0.8%), 0.5% (95% CI 0.1% to 0.8%), and 3.2% (95% CI 2.4% to 4.0%), respectively. Decreased body weight was associated with higher bone loss in all measured bone sites. High calcium intake and better preservation of physical fitness were associated with a smaller decrease in femoral neck BMC.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Weight loss is associated with bone loss, but this has not been examined in overweight premenopausal women. The aim of this study was to assess whether overweight premenopausal women lose bone with moderate weight loss at recommended or higher than recommended calcium intakes. Overweight premenopausal women [n = 44; x (+/-SD) age: 38 +/- 6.4 y; body mass index (BMI): 27.7 +/- 2.1 kg/m(2)] were randomly assigned to either a normal (1 g/d) or high (1.8 g/d) calcium intake during 6 mo of energy restriction [weight loss (WL) groups] or were recruited for weight maintenance at 1 g Ca/d intake. Regional bone mineral density and content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and markers of bone turnover were measured before and after weight loss. True fractional calcium absorption (TFCA) was measured at baseline and during caloric restriction by using a dual-stable calcium isotope method. The WL groups lost 7.2 +/- 3.3% of initial body weight. No significant decrease in BMD or ...