A methodology for modelling traffic related emissions in suburban areas (original) (raw)
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A Methodology for Modelling Traffic Related Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Suburban Areas
Transport, 2013
A methodology that integrates a computer program COPERT III for calculation of traffic emissions estimates, and a transportation modelling software CUBE VOYAGER was used to assess pollutant emissions for a suburban area, as a support for future transport planning strategies to be applied for any developing road network. COPERT III is used to obtain the carbon monoxide emission factors by accounting for the car fleet composition, characteristics and average speed. An aggregated emission parametric equation was determined and used further on for estimating network carbon monoxide emissions based upon the output of macroscopic traffic characteristics enabled by traffic simulation software, CUBE VOYAGER. The methodology and modelling results are applied here for Floreşti, a satellite town of Cluj
Method for Inventorying Co Emissions from Road Traffic in Urban Areas Through Transport Modeling
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas obtained both from natural sources (bush fires, volcanic emissions and electric discharges) and by anthropogenic processes (incomplete combustion of fossil fuels). Together with particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, it is part of the air pollutants associated with the transport sector, which have a negative impact on human health, animals and vegetation. In this paper the authors propose a methodology for assessing CO emissions from road traffic in urban areas, created by harmonization between a traffic estimation model, which takes into account the land use functions and the user behavior, and a CO emissions estimation model, which takes into consideration the average travel speed and the engine type of each motor vehicle from the traffic flow. Within the case study in which this methodology is applied we have estimated a reduction in the CO emissions produced by road traffic in the city of Pitesti, as a result of the fact that the existing road network was completed with a bypass road. It is highlighted that for the internal network of the city, in the peak traffic interval in the morning, the level of emissions in the atmosphere is 30% lower than in the case in which the transit traffic would use the urban network instead of the bypass road. The presented methodology is a very useful tool in quantifying the environmental impact produced by road traffic, specific to different situations of land use and transport networks.
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 2019
In the past years, there has been great interest in developing tools for an effective management including the evaluation of the impact of different policies on decreasing greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) and other transport pollutant-related emissions, especially in the urban areas. This paper represents a first attempt to study a new approach to identify criticalities of pollutant emissions associated with road traffic in urban areas. The tool we propose concerns the development of an emission indicator, a proxy measure, which is useful for the assessment of emission problems, based on the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) instantaneous vehicle speed data. It can be considered an innovative and adequate solution in many cases in which the development of a valid and robust traffic simulation model, especially DTA (dynamic traffic assignment), is not available in the medium-and short-term horizon. The methodological process concerns the monitoring of road traffic conditions using GPS data from probe vehicles in combination with the use of GIS (Geographic Information System) for the estimation of an emission indicator. The tool was tested in a real case study in Romania for CO2 emissions. The results show the utility of the tool in policy and decision making, due to its ease of application and consistency, especially in defining critical areas and that it can be used in any other urban contexts with GPS data availability. Further developments will deal with the computation of the emission indicator for other pollutants and validation of the approach by applying other methods and comparing the results. The analysis of the results could be focused not on the capacity to evaluate emissions but on the development of a proxy measure useful in the planning process.
Emissions Modeling for Road Transportation in Urban Areas: State-of-Art Review
Estimating and measuring emissions by road traffic is a key-issue for air pollution management in transportation sector. It introduces a good method for the environmental evaluation of the transportation system scenarios. Emission models are important issue in this respect. There are several emission models available worldwide. These models distinguish between static and dynamic models. It depends on the amount of data available for the transport fleet and its specifications. Monitoring emissions in a study area can, also, be a good method for calibration of such emission models. This paper presents an analysis of models used in estimating emissions from road transportation systems in urban areas. It compares between different emissions models that used in air pollution management of transportation scenarios. The study discusses, also the potential and limitation of each type. The difficulties of applying these models in developing countries are also discussed. Then, the study determines the required steps towards realistic transportation emission modeling in developing countries.
Traffic pollution modelling and emission data
Environmental Modelling & Software, 2006
Evaluation of traffic pollution in streets requires basically information on three main factors: traffic emissions, the meteorological conditions and the street surroundings. Dispersion models exist with various degree of sophistication, which are able to properly describe the dispersion conditions, and thus to predict the relationships between emissions and the concentration levels in the street. However, for real-world applications, the model calculations must be based on ''true'' emission data, and their estimation is not trivial. Significant uncertainty is still connected with emission data. Examining the relationships between model predictions and measurements with respect to the meteorological conditions and inter-relationships between different pollution components allows quantitative evaluation of the traffic emissions. This methodology is illustrated using the Danish Operational Street Pollution Model e OSPM, and time series of traffic related pollutants. Street level concentrations of NO x and CO are calculated using OSPM as the dispersion model and emission data estimated by the widely used COPERT methodology. Comparison with measurements shows significant underestimation of the pollution concentrations and especially the CO/NO x ratio. An alternative set of traffic emission factors, using a more simplified vehicle classification methodology, provides better agreement with the measured concentrations. Evaluation of these results provides some guidance on the necessary modifications of the ''real-world'' traffic emission factors.
Comparison of road traffic emission models in Madrid (Spain)
2012
h i g h l i g h t s < COPERT4 v.8.1 and HBEFA v.3.1 emissions models have been applied to the Madrid city. < Total annual NO X emissions predicted by HBEFA were 21% higher than those of COPERT. < Better results in urban-scale, high-resolution NO 2 simulations with COPERT outputs. < Large discrepancies for congestion situations (stop & go) and heavy vehicles. < Strong influence of methodological issues (e.g. determination of service level).
Evaluating vehicles emissions through traffic simulation
2014
The dynamic of the human activities due to the globalization and to the extension of the free movement of persons and goods involve the increasing of traffic flows crossing transport sensitive areas, generating great negative externalities (air, soil pollution, noise, vibrations). The paper deal with a method to assess the vehicles exhaust emissions combining traffic survey, traffic simulation and emission factors proposed by the European Environment Agency. A computer simulation model is conceived to record individual movement of cars and computing emissions based on their activity (traveled distance, speed), technical features, emissions standard. The case study investigates the exhaust emissions process on Prahova Valey in the Carpathians, a transport sensitive area bordering protected natural areas. The presence of tourist and cultural heritage attraction points, combined with the specific topography of the road network generate, during weekends and holidays, congestion phenomen...
A coupled macroscopic traffic and pollutant emission modelling system for Barcelona
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2021
We present a coupled macroscopic traffic and emission modelling system tailored to the Barcelona metropolitan area that allows estimating hourly road transport emissions at road link level. We use the developed system to perform an emission sensitivity analysis of typically high uncertainty emission features and assess their impact. We also explore the uncertainties of our system compared to a microscopic approach in a representative area of Barcelona. The developed macroscopic system shows a high sensitivity to spatially-resolved vehicle fleet composition inputs, meteorological effects on diesel engines (+19% in NO) and non-exhaust sources (80% of total PM emissions). The comparison with the microscopic system shows that discrepancies grow as a function of the congestion level, up to +65% in NO. The resulting coupled system will be used in further steps of the research to evaluate the impact of traffic management strategies upon urban emissions and air quality levels in Barcelona.
Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Passenger Vehicles
2005
Integrated urban models are designed to capture and simulate land-use and transportation interactions and to predict traffic volume and vehicle emissions at the link level of the urban transport network. As such, these models can address the weakness of existing systems. The Integrated Model of Urban LAnd-use and Transportation for Environmental analysis (IMULATE) is one of the operational urban models calibrated for the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). This paper extends IMULATE to include air pollution estimation and mapping of vehicle air pollutants, employing a dispersion model and spatial data analysis. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for impact assessment of land-use and transport policies on traffic flows, emissions, and pollutant concentration, enabling the evaluation of population exposure to traffic related pollution. The study illustrates how vehicle-generated carbon monoxide (CO) concentration can be estimated and mapped using the proposed approach under a base-case scenario for the year 2006. Several development and transportation scenaria can be developed and "hot-spots" of traffic-originated air pollution can be identified and visualized within a GIS framework. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Passenger Vehicles: Predictive Mapping with an application to Hamilton, Canada. D. Potoglou and P.S. Kanaroglou Centre for Spatial Analysis -Working Paper Series -2-pollution (Badoe and Miller , 2000). Hence, it is necessary to incorporate land-use and transportation interactions as an integral part of the traffic air quality assessment procedure. Also, for air pollution estimation and mapping, most software packages apply the Gaussian dispersion equation to the whole area of study. This results to low spatial resolution of air pollution estimates and high demand for computational power (European Commission, 1998). This paper demonstrates that the application of the Gaussian dispersion equation in conjunction with spatial data analysis provides plausible results, shortens computational time and potentially eliminates the need for programming.
2017
Traffic management definition and assessment strategies rely on results from successive stages of modelling: from traffic to air pollution concentrations. The objective of this study was to improve this modelling process. Combining microscopic traffic modelling and 3 pollutant emission modellings was performed: two using aggregated traffic estimates (HBEFA, Copert) and the other using vehicle trajectory (Phem). The studied area is part of the Lyon urban area (6,2 km², 2091 road sections). Traffic and emissions were simulated for 16 scenario resulting from modifications of supply or demand (traffic calibration on the afternoon rush hour). Copert and HBEFA estimations show many similarities and differences with Phem. Ranking of scenarios on the basis of their variation to the reference was performed and analysed. Copert and HBEFA provide the same ranking. To focus on the analysis of two scenarios, difference of NOx emissions per link were maped (only the higher variations). The releva...