Changes in functional structure of soil bacterial communities due to fungicide and insecticide applications in canola (original) (raw)

Abstract

Cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstricus (Marsham)) has become a major pest of canola (Brassica spp.) in western Canada (Dosdall et al., 2002), often warranting chemical control (Cá rcamo et al., 2005). Two insecticides that are registered for use to control this pest in Canada are l-cyhalothrin (Matador 1) and deltamethrin (Decis 5EC 1). The same insecticidal compounds can be applied to control other damaging insect pest infestations in canola, including lygus bugs (Lygus spp.), bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata (Walker), and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella (L.)) (Anonymous, 2008). Scelerotinia stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary) is a major canola disease in western Canada (Turkington and Morrall, 1993; Bailey et al., 2003). Because cultural control measures such as crop rotation and sanitization are relatively ineffective (Williams and Stelfox, 1980), and management by canola host resistance has been difficult (Morrall and Dueck, 1982), effective stem rot control has been achieved by application of fungicides such as vinclozolin (Ronilan 1) and iprodione (Rovral Flo 1) (Anonymous, 2008). These fungicides also control alternaria blackspot, which is also an important disease affecting yield, pod shattering and green seed counts (Bailey et al., 2003) and is caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., A. brassicicola (Schwein.) Wiltshire, and A. raphani (Groves and Skolko). Information regarding non-target effects of these insecticides and fungicides on soil microorganisms in western Canada is required. Most field studies on fungicide or insecticide effects indicate that when they are applied at recommended rates, they usually have no significant effects or have transitory effects on soil microbial characteristics (Ahtiainen et al., 2003; Griffiths et al., 2006; Vig et al., 2008). In a study of the effects of 19 years of cumulative annual field applications of five pesticides, either singly or in combination at recommended or slightly above recommended rates, Hart and Brookes (1996) reported no measurable harmful effects on soil microbial biomass or its activity (C or N

Key takeaways

sparkles

AI

  1. Evaluating soil bacterial functional structures reveals pesticide effects undetected by microbial biomass measurements.
  2. Vinclozolin and l-cyhalothrin did not significantly affect microbial biomass or bacterial diversity in canola soils.
  3. Functional structures of soil bacteria varied with pesticide application in 8 out of 12 cases across studied sites.
  4. Soil and environmental conditions proved more critical than pesticide application in determining bacterial community structure.
  5. The study highlights the need for assessing non-target effects of pesticides on soil microorganisms.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (36)

  1. Adebayo, T.A., Ojo, O.A., Olaniran, O.A., 2007. Effects of two insecticides Karate 1 and Thiodan 1 on population dynamics of four different soil microorganisms. Res. J. Biol. Sci. 2, 557-560.
  2. Ahtiainen, J.H., Vanhala, P., Myllymaki, A., 2003. Effects of different plant protection programs on soil microbes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 54, 56-64.
  3. Anderson, J.P.E., Armstrong, R.A., Smith, S.N., 1981. Methods to evaluate pesticide damage to the biomass of the soil microflora. Soil Biol. Biochem. 13, 149-153.
  4. Anonymous, 2008. Crop protection 2008. In: Brook, H. (Ed.), Agdex 606-1. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 539 pp.
  5. Bailey, K.L., Gossen, B.D., Gugel, R.K., Morrall, R.A.A., 2003. Diseases of Field Crops in Canada, 3rd edition. The Canadian Phytopathological Society, 304 pp.
  6. Ca ´rcamo, H.A., Dosdall, L.M., Johnson, D., Olfert, O., 2005. Evaluation of foliar and seed treatments for control of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Cur- culionidae) in canola. Can. Entomol. 137, 476-487.
  7. Cook, B.K., Loeffler, R.S.T., Pappas, A.C., 1979. The structural rearrangement of iprodione in ethanolic solution. Pestic. Sci. 10, 393-398.
  8. Cousin, M.A., 1995. Chitin as a measure of mould contamination of agricultural commodities and foods. J. Food Protect. 59, 73-81.
  9. Cycon, M., Piotrowska-Seget, Z., Kacynska, A., 2006. Microbiological characteristics of a sandy loam soil exposed to tebuconazole and l-cyhalothrin under labora- tory conditions. Ecotoxicology 15, 639-646.
  10. Dosdall, L.M., Weiss, R.M., Olfert, O., Ca ´rcamo, H.A., 2002. Temporal and geogra- phical distribution patterns of cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculio- nidae) in canola. Can. Entomol. 134, 403-418.
  11. Duah-Yentumi, S., Johnson, D.B., 1986. Changes in soil microflora in response to repeated applications of some pesticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18, 629-636.
  12. Germida, J.J., Onofriechuk, E.E., Ewen, A.B., 1987. Effect of Nosema locustae canning microsporida and three chemical insecticides on microbial activity in soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 67, 631-638.
  13. Griffiths, B.S., Caul, S., Thompson, J., Birch, A.N.E., Scrimgeour, C., Cortet, J., Foggo, A., Hacket, C.A., Krogh, P.H., 2006. Soil microbial and faunal community responses to Bt maize and insecticide in two soils. J. Environ. Qual. 35, 734-741.
  14. Guggenberger, G., Frey, S.D., Six, J., Paustian, K., Elliot, E.T., 1999. Bacterial and fungal cell-wall residues in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63, 1188-1198.
  15. Harper, F.R., Berkenkamp, B., 1975. Revised growth-stage key for Brassica campestris and B. napus. Can. J. Plant Sci. 55, 657-658.
  16. Hart, M.R., Brookes, P.C., 1996. Soil microbial biomass and mineralization of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28, 1641-1649.
  17. Helweg, A., 1983. Influence of the fungicide iprodione on respiration, ammonifica- tion and nitrification in soil. Pedologia 25, 87-92.
  18. Horwath, W.R., Paul, E.A., 1994. Microbial biomass. In: Weaver, R.W., Angle, S. (Eds.), Bezdicek, D., Smith, S., Tabatabai, A., Wollum, A. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 753-773.
  19. Insam, H., 1997. A new set of substrates proposed for community characterization in environmental samples. In: Insam, H., Rangger, A. (Eds.), Microbial Commu- nities: Functional Versus Structural Approaches. Springer, Berlin, pp. 259-260.
  20. Kovach, W.L., 1999. MVSP-A Multivariate Statistical Package for Windows, Ver. 3.1. Kovach Computing Services, Pentraeth, Wales, UK, 137 pp.
  21. Lupwayi, N.Z., Arshad, M.A., Rice, W.A., Clayton, G.W., 2001a. Bacterial diversity in water-stable aggregates of soils under conventional and zero tillage manage- ment. Appl. Soil Ecol. 16, 251-261.
  22. Lupwayi, N.Z., Monreal, M.A., Clayton, G.W., Grant, C.A., Johnston, A.M., Rice, W.A., 2001b. Soil microbial biomass and diversity respond to tillage and sulphur fertilizers. Can. J. Soil Sci. 81, 577-589.
  23. Lupwayi, N.Z., Hanson, K.G., Harker, K.N., Clayton, G.W., Blackshaw, R.E., O'Donovan, J.T., Johnson, E.N., Gan, Y., Irvine, B., Monreal, M.A., 2007. Soil microbial biomass, functional diversity and enzyme activity in glyphosate-resistant wheat-canola rotations under low-disturbance direct seeding and conventional tillage. Soil Biol. Biochem. 39, 1418-1427.
  24. Lupwayi, N.Z., Harker, K.N., Clayton, G.W., Turkington, T.K., Rice, W.A., O'Donovan, J.T., 2004. Soil microbial biomass and diversity after herbicide application. Can. J. Plant Sci. 84, 677-685.
  25. Masaras, M.E., Sarandon, S.J., Cicchino, A.C., 2001. Changes in soil arthropod func- tional groups in a wheat crop under conventional and no tillage systems in Argentina. Appl. Soil Ecol. 18, 61-68.
  26. McCune, B., Mefford, M.J., 1999. PC-ORD. In: Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 4.0, MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, OR, 237 pp.
  27. Monkiedje, A., Ilori, M.O., Spiteller, M., 2002. Soil quality changes resulting from the application of the fungicides mefenoxam and metalaxyl to a sandy loam soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1939-1948.
  28. Morrall, R.A.A., Dueck, J., 1982. Epidemiology of sclerotinia stem rot of rapeseed in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 4, 161-168.
  29. Pielou, E.C., 1984. The Interpretation of Ecological Data: A Primer on Classification and Ordination. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 263 pp.
  30. Togawa, T., Nakato, H., Izumi, S., 2004. Analysis of the chitin recognition mechanism of cuticle proteins from the soft cuticle of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34, 1059-1067.
  31. Turkington, T.K., Morrall, R.A.A., 1993. Use of petal infestation to forecast sclerotinia stem rot of canola: the influence of inoculum variation over the flowering period and canopy density. Phytopathology 83, 682-689.
  32. Vig, K., Singh, D.K., Agarwal, H.C., Dhawan, A.K., Dureja, P., 2008. Soil microorgan- isms in cotton fields sequentially treated with insecticides. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 69, 263-276.
  33. Wang, M., Wen, C., Chiu, T., Yen, J., 2004. Effect of fungicide iprodione on soil bacterial community. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 59, 127-132.
  34. Wang, M., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Gong, M., Hua, X., Pand, Y., Hu, S., Yang, Y., 2008. Impacts of methamidophos on the biochemical, catabolic and genetic characteristics of soil microbial communities. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 778-788.
  35. Williams, J.R., Stelfox, D., 1980. Influence of farming practices in Alberta on germination and apothecium production of sclerotinia of Sclerotinia sclero- tiorum. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 2, 169-172.
  36. Zak, J.C., Willig, M.R., Moorhead, D.L., Wildman, H.G., 1994. Functional diversity of microbial communities: a quantitative approach. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26, 1101- 1108.