Reliable Routing Scheme for VANETs in City Environment (original) (raw)

A Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by the high mobility of vehicles. In this article, first of all, we give a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Then, we propose a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF). The novelty of our protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and the shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to the occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through computer simulations. Simulation outcomes specify the gains of the proposed routing scheme as compared to the earlier significant protocols like GSR (Geographic Source Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing), E-GyTAR (Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing), and TFOR (Traffic Flow-Oriented Routing) in terms of routing metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

A Reliable Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Computers & Electrical Engineering, 2016

This paper introduces a Reliable Routing Protocol (R 2 P) for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which divides the network into overlapping zones. For each zone, a special node is promoted to be the Master Node (MN), which maintains an up-to-date routing boards for inter/intra-zone communication. R 2 P depends on two types of boards, namely; Internal Routing Board (IRB) and External Routing Board (ERB). Two types of IRB are used, namely; Zone Routing Board (ZRB) that is maintained by MNs, and Private Routing Board (PRB) that is maintained by each network node. Both ZRB and PRB register routes among zone nodes, while ERB, which is maintained by MN, registers available gateways to neighboring zones. R 2 P employs a special route discovery mechanism to discover available routes to the destination, and then elects the most reliable route. It has been compared against the recent VANET's routing protocols. Experimental results have shown that R 2 P outperforms the others.

Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol for VANETs in City Environment

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an emerging offshoot of MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) with highly mobile nodes. It is envisioned to play a vital role in providing safety communications and commercial applications to the on-road public. Establishing an optimal route for vehicles to send packets to their respective destinations in VANETs is challenging because of quick speed of vehicles, dynamic nature of the network, and intermittent connectivity among nodes. This paper presents a novel position based routing technique called Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection based Routing (DMJSR) for the city environment. The novelty of DMJSR as compared to existing approaches comes from its novel dynamic multiple junction selection mechanism and an improved greedy forwarding mechanism based on one-hop neighbors between the junctions. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first ever attempt to study the impact of multiple junction selection mechanism on routing in VANETs. We present a detailed depiction of our protocol and the improvements it brings as compared to existing routing strategies. The simulation study exhibits that our proposed protocol outperforms the existing protocols like Geographic Source Routing Protocol (GSR), Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing Protocol (E-GyTAR) and Traffic Flow Oriented Routing Protocol (TFOR) in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANETS

Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks is a challenging task due to the unique characteristics of the network such as high mobility of nodes, dynamically changing topology and highly partitioned network. It is a challenge to ensure reliable, continuous and seamless communication in the presence of speeding vehicles. The performance of routing protocols depends on various internal factors such as mobility of nodes and external factors such as road topology and obstacles that block the signal. This demands a highly adaptive approach to deal with the dynamic scenarios by selecting the best routing and forwarding strategies and by using appropriate mobility and propagation models. In this paper we review the existing routing protocols for VANETs and categories them into a taxonomy based on key attributes such as network architecture, applications supported, routing strategies, forwarding strategies, mobility models and quality of service metrics. Protocols belonging to unicast, multicast, geocast and broadcast categories are discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of various protocols using topology based, position based and cluster based approaches are analysed. Emphasis is given on the adaptive and context-aware routing protocols. Simulation of broadcast and unicast protocols is carried out and the results are presented.

A Survey On Unicast Routing Protocols For VANET

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a subgroup of mobile ad hoc network (MANET). It is an emerging new technology to exchange information between vehicles to vehicles. VANETs are considered as one of the most noticeable technologies for improving the efficiency and safety of transportation systems. VANET mainly used to exchange traffic information between the vehicles and prevent accident. In VANETs the high mobility of the nodes is the major concern. This dynamic topology makes the route unstable and unreliable for exchange of information or messages among the vehicles in the ad hoc network. To improve the throughput and performance of the VANETs, routes between nodes must be reliable, less overhead and stable. It is a challenging task to design a routing protocols for VANETs which should support the intelligent transportation system (ITS) for enhancing the driver's safety, improving whole driver experience and regulating traffic. In this paper, the various challenges and issues of routing protocols of VANETs are discussed about its advantages and disadvantages in VANETs scenarios.

A Survey of Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks ( VANETs )

2011

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive study on routing protocols for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The characteristics of vehicular communications favour the use of position based routing. Enhancements have been proposed in order to use additional information such as navigation information in the routing decisions to further improve the performance of these protocols. However, positionbased routing is faced with the local-maximum problem for which recovery policies have been proposed. The carry-n-forward mechanism is the most suitable for VANETs when end-to-end delay limits are not strict. Moreover, the requirements for Quality of Service (QoS) impose new challenges in routing which are not feasible to be solved using single layer information. Therefore, cross-layer approaches have been proposed to take into account the link or path quality using information from MAC and physical layer. Finally, every position-based routing protocol needs to know the position...

RIVER: A reliable inter-vehicular routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), an emerging technology, would allow vehicles on roads to form a self-organized network without the aid of a permanent infrastructure. As a prerequisite to communication in VANETs, an efficient route between communicating nodes in the network must be established, and the routing protocol must adapt to the rapidly changing topology of vehicles in motion. This is one of the goals of VANET routing protocols. In this paper, we present an efficient routing protocol for VANETs, called the Reliable Inter-VEhicular Routing (RIVER) protocol. RIVER utilizes an undirected graph that represents the surrounding street layout where the vertices of the graph are points at which streets curve or intersect, and the graph edges represent the street segments between those vertices. Unlike existing protocols, RIVER performs real-time, active traffic monitoring and uses these data and other data gathered through passive mechanisms to assign a reliability rating to each street edge. The protocol then uses these reliability ratings to select the most reliable route. Control messages are used to identify a node's neighbors, determine the reliability of street edges, and to share street edge reliability information with other nodes.

An Improved Vehicular Ad Hoc Routing Protocol for City Environments

2007 IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2007

The fundamental component for the success of VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks) applications is routing since it must efficiently handle rapid topology changes and a fragmented network. Current MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETworks) routing protocols fail to fully address these specific needs especially in a city environments (nodes distribution, constrained but high mobility patterns, signal transmissions blocked by obstacles, etc.). In our current work, we propose an inter-vehicle ad-hoc routing protocol called GyTAR (improved Greedy Traffic Aware Routing protocol) suitable for city environments. GyTAR consists of two modules: (i) dynamic selection of the junctions through which a packet must pass to reach its destination, and (ii) an improved greedy strategy used to forward packets between two junctions. In this paper, we give detailed description of our approach and present its added value compared to other existing vehicular routing protocols. Simulation results show significant performance improvement in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

A Stable Routing Protocol to Support ITS Services in VANET Networks

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2000

There are numerous research challenges that need to be addressed until a wide deployment of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) becomes possible. One of the critical issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to frequent path disruptions caused by vehicles' mobility. This paper argues the use of information on vehicles' movement information (e.g., position, direction, speed, and digital mapping of roads) to predict a possible link-breakage event prior to its occurrence. Vehicles are grouped according to their velocity vectors. This kind of grouping ensures that vehicles, belonging to the same group, are more likely to establish stable single and multihop paths as they are moving together. Setting up routes that involve only vehicles from the same group guarantees a high level of stable communication in VANETs. The scheme presented in this paper also reduces the overall traffic in highly mobile VANET networks. The frequency of flood requests is reduced by elongating the link duration of the selected paths. To prevent broadcast storms that may be intrigued during path discovery operation, another scheme is also introduced. The basic concept behind the proposed scheme is to broadcast only specific and well-defined packets, referred to as "best packets" in this paper. The performance of the scheme is evaluated through computer simulations. Simulation results indicate the benefits of the proposed routing strategy in terms of increasing link duration, reducing the number of link-breakage events and increasing the end-to-end throughput.

Pros and Cons: Various Routing Protocols based on VANETs: A Survey

2016

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is advance form of mobile ad hoc network. In VANET, vehicles communicate with each other. It can be vehicle to vehicle V2V or vehicle to infrastructure V2I communication. VANET applications can be categories into two parts, safety applications and user applications. In this paper, our main focus is on safety applications. VANET have various challenges like frequent topology change and short lifetime duration. To deal with these challenges, VANET require efficient routing protocols. In this paper, pros and cons of various routing protocols will be discussed. VANET is very much similar to MANET but the main difference between them is highly dynamic topology of VANET.