Peptide-Induced Domain Formation in Supported Lipid Bilayers: Direct Evidence by Combined Atomic Force and Polarized Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (original) (raw)
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Single-Molecule Resolution of Antimicrobial Peptide Interactions with Supported Lipid A Bilayers
Biophysical journal, 2018
The molecular interactions between antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lipid A-containing supported lipid bilayers were probed using single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Hybrid supported lipid bilayers with lipid A outer leaflets and phospholipid (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)) inner leaflets were prepared and characterized, and the spatiotemporal trajectories of individual fluorescently labeled LL37 and Melittin AMPs were determined as they interacted with the bilayer surfaces comprising either monophosphoryl or diphosphoryl lipid A (from Escherichia coli) to determine the impact of electrostatic interactions. Large numbers of trajectories were obtained and analyzed to obtain the distributions of surface residence times and the statistics of the spatial trajectories. Interestingly, the AMP species were sensitive to subtle differences in the charge of the lipid, with both peptides diffusing more slowly and residing longer on the dip...
Journal of Structural Biology, 2006
We report here on an in situ atomic force microscopy study of the interaction of indolicidin, a tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptide, with phase-segregated zwitterionic DOPC/DSPC supported planar bilayers. By varying the peptide concentration and bilayer composition through the inclusion of anionic lipids (DOPG or DSPG), we found that indolicidin interacts with these model membranes in one of two concentration-dependent manners. At low peptide concentrations, indolicidin forms an amorphous layer on the Xuid domains when these domains contain anionic lipids. At high peptide concentrations, indolicidin appears to initiate a lowering of the gel-phase domains independent of the presence of an anionic lipid. Similar studies performed using membrane-raft mimetic bilayers comprising 30 mol% cholesterol/1:1 DOPC/egg sphingomyelin revealed that indolicidin does not form a carpet-like layer on the zwitterionic DOPC domains at low peptide concentrations and does not induce membrane lowering of the liquid-ordered sphingomyelin/cholesterol-rich domains at high peptide concentration. Simultaneous AFM-confocal microscopy imaging did however reveal that indolicidin preferentially inserts into the Xuid-phase DOPC domains. These data suggest that the indolicidin-membrane association is inXuenced greatly by speciWc electrostatic interactions, lipid Xuidity, and peptide concentration. These insights provide a glimpse into the mechanism of the membrane selectivity of antibacterial peptides and suggest a powerful correlated approach for characterizing peptide-membrane interactions.
Nanoscale imaging reveals laterally expanding antimicrobial pores in lipid bilayers
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
Antimicrobial peptides are postulated to disrupt microbial phospholipid membranes. The prevailing molecular model is based on the formation of stable or transient pores although the direct observation of the fundamental processes is lacking. By combining rational peptide design with topographical (atomic force microscopy) and chemical (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) imaging on the same samples, we show that pores formed by antimicrobial peptides in supported lipid bilayers are not necessarily limited to a particular diameter, nor they are transient, but can expand laterally at the nano-to-micrometer scale to the point of complete membrane disintegration. The results offer a mechanistic basis for membrane poration as a generic physicochemical process of cooperative and continuous peptide recruitment in the available phospholipid matrix.
Journal of Structural Biology, 2009
Understanding the mechanisms of peptide-induced membrane disorder is critical to the design of novel antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides. One means of quantifying local structure and order/disorder is through the orientational order parameter, typically obtained using various spectroscopic approaches. We report here on the use of an image-based means of tracking the order parameter in supported lipid bilayers during peptide-induced disordering. By coupling polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with in situ atomic force microscopy, it is now possible to track changes in order parameter associated with peptide binding and insertion, as well as lipid headgroup and acyl chain reordering, while simultaneously resolving molecular-scale topographical changes. Interactions between the model antimicrobial peptide, indolicidin, and its fluorescent analog, TAMRA-indolicidin, with model eukaryotic (DOPC:DSPC:cholesterol) and prokaryotic (DOPE/DOPG) membranes were tracked using the fluorescent lipid reporters, DiI-C 20 and BODIPY-PC. Changes in the order parameter upon membrane binding and insertion provided insights into the orientation of the peptide and the role of membrane chemistry and composition on insertion dynamics and membrane restructuring.
PLOS ONE
Pardaxin, with a bend-helix-bend-helix structure, is a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide that its membrane activity depends on the lipid bilayer composition. Herein, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to provide further molecular insight into the interactions, structural dynamics, orientation behavior, and cationic residues snorkeling of pardaxin in the DMPC, DPPC, POPC, POPG, POPG/POPE (3:1), and POPG/ POPE (1:3) lipid bilayers. The results showed that the C-terminal helix of the peptide was maintained in all six types of the model-bilayers and pardaxin was tilted into the DMPC, DPPC, and POPG/POPE mixed bilayers more than the POPC and POPG bilayers. As well as, the structure of zwitterionic membranes was more affected by the peptide than the anionic bilayers. Taken together, the study demonstrated that the cationic residues of pardaxin snorkeled toward the interface of lipid bilayers and all phenylalanine residues of the peptide played important roles in the peptide-membrane interactions. We hope that this work will provide a better understanding of the interactions of antimicrobial peptides with the membranes.
Biophysical Journal, 2005
The interaction of an antimicrobial peptide, MSI-78, with phospholipid bilayers has been investigated using atomic force microscopy, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Binding of amphipathic peptide helices with their helical axis parallel to the membrane surface leads to membrane thinning. Atomic force microscopy of supported 1,2dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers in the presence of MSI-78 provides images of the membrane thinning process at a high spatial resolution. This data reveals that the membrane thickness is not reduced uniformly over the entire bilayer area. Instead, peptide binding leads to the formation of distinct domains where the bilayer thickness is reduced by 1.1 6 0.2 nm. The data is interpreted using a previously published geometric model for the structure of the peptide-lipid domains. In this model, the peptides reside at the hydrophilic-hydrophobic boundary in the lipid headgroup region, which leads to an increased distance between lipid headgroups. This picture is consistent with concentration-dependent 31 P and 2 H NMR spectra of MSI-78 in mechanically aligned DMPC bilayers. Furthermore, 2 H NMR experiments on DMPC-d 54 multilamellar vesicles indicate that the acyl chains of DMPC are highly disordered in the presence of the peptide as is to be expected for the proposed structure of the peptide-lipid assembly.
The disruption of membranes by antimicrobial peptides is a multi-state process involving significant structural changes in the phospholipid bilayer. However, direct measurement of these membrane structural changes is lacking. We used a combination of dual polarisation interferometry (DPI), surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the real-time changes in membrane structure through the measurement of birefringence during the binding of magainin 2 (Mag2) and a highly potent analogue in which Ser 8 , Gly 13 and Gly 18 has been replaced with alanine (Mag-A). We show that the membrane bilayer undergoes a series of structural changes upon peptide binding before a critical threshold concentration is reached which triggers a significant membrane disturbance. We also propose a detailed model for antimicrobial peptide action as a function of the degree of bilayer disruption to provide an unprecedented in-depth understanding of the membrane lysis in terms of the interconversion of different membrane conformational states in which there is a balance between recovery and lysis.
Morphological Changes Induced by the Action of Antimicrobial Peptides on Supported Lipid Bilayers
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2010
We utilized epifluorescence microscopy to investigate the morphological changes in labelled lipid bilayers supported on quartz surfaces (SLBs) induced by the interaction of cationic antimicrobial peptides with the lipid membranes. The SLBs were prepared from POPG, POPC, POPE and mixtures thereof as well as from E. coli lipid extract. We succeeded in the preparation of POPG and POPG-rich SLBs without the necessity to use fusogenic agents like calcium by using the Langmuir Blodgett/Langmuir Schaefer transfer method. The adsorption of the peptides to the SLBs was initially driven by electrostatic interactions with the PG headgroups, and led to the formation of lipid protrusions bulging out from the lipid layer facing the bulk, originating particularly from domain boundaries and membrane defects. The shape, size and frequency of the lipid protrusions are mainly controlled by the peptide macroscopic properties and the membrane composition. A restructuring of the lipid protrusions into other structures can also occur over time.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 2017
Many antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) target bacterial membranes and they kill bacteria by causing structural disruptions. One of the fundamental issues however lies in the selective responses of AMPs to different cell membranes as a lack of selectivity can elicit toxic side effects to mammalian host cells. A key difference between the outer surfaces of bacterial and mammalian cells is the charge characteristics. We report a careful study of the binding of one of the representative AMPs, with the general sequence G(IIKK)4I-NH2 (G4), to the spread lipid monolayers of DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and DPPG (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt)) mimicking the charge difference between them, using the combined measurements from Langmuir trough, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and neutron reflection (NR). The difference in pressure rise upon peptide addition into the subphase clearly demonstrated the different interactions arising fro...
Journal of Structural Biology, 2008
Our understanding of how antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides exert their action at cell membranes would benefit greatly from direct visualization of their modes of action and possible targets within the cell membrane. We previously described how the cationic antimicrobial peptide, indolicidin, interacted with mixed zwitterionic planar lipid bilayers as a function of both peptide concentration and lipid composition [Shaw, J.E. et al., 2006. J. Struct. Biol. 154 (1), 42-58]. In the present report, in situ atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the interactions between three families of cationic peptides: (1) tryptophan-rich antimicrobial peptides-indolicidin and two of its analogues, (2) an amphiphilic a-helical membranolytic peptide-melittin, and (3) an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide-Tat with phase-separated planar bilayers containing 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) or DOPC/N-stearoyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SM)/cholesterol. We found that these cationic peptides all induced remodelling of the model membranes in a concentration, and family-dependent manner. At low peptide concentration, these cationic peptides, despite their different biological roles, all appeared to reduce the interfacial line tension at the domain boundary between the liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains. Only at high peptide concentration was the membrane remodelling induced by these peptides morphologically distinct among the three families. While the transformation caused by indolicidin and its analogues were structurally similar, the concentration required to initiate the transformation was strongly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the peptide. Our use of lipid compositions with no net charge minimized the electrostatic interactions between the cationic peptides and the model supported bilayers. These results suggest that peptides within the same functional family have a common mechanism of action, and that membrane insertion of short cationic peptides at low peptide concentration may also alter membrane structure through a common mechanism regardless of the peptide's origin.