A Review of The Anti-diabetic Activity of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees based in-vivo Study (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 2006
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of commercially prepared spray-dried ethanolic extract ol Andrographis paniculafa (AP) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic female rats. M ETHODOLOGY: Rats with regular estrous cycle (EC) prior to STZ induction were randomly divided into five groups. The normal (nondiabetic) and diabetic controlgroups were given vehicle [0.2 ml of 2o/o carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) by gavagingl daily for 6 weeks. Other diabetic groups were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day of AP extracts respectively. The rats' body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose and insulin level were measured; and daily, EC evaluation was perfo;.ry1e.d1 throughout the 6-week study period. At the end.olthe experiment, rats were sacrificed and their P4fprpases were removed for histological examination."RESU LTS':, The survival rates and estrous cycle,'$f''AP-treatbd diabetic animals were found to be improved compared to nontreated animals. No signifiognt difference in Diabetes mellitus (DM) i; a chronic disease with complex underlying etiologies. It was characterized by hyperglycemia and other metabolic abnorrnalities due to glucose intolerance.li2l The'ri{i'cidence of diabetes mellitus is on the rise Woildwid6r*Based on the World Health' Organization IWHO; report, the number of diabetic patients is expected tb increase from177 million in year 2000'to'366 mil.iibn or*more by the year 2030.t31 Herbal riie'dicine has been, andrwill be, used as antidiabetic. lherapy 4lone and al.pllg with insulin and other synthetic .,'oral !r pd$lycerriic"agents' The use of synthetic agents, on the other hand, has shown several undesirable side effectS and has failed to correct the fundamental biochemicil lesion and diabetic complications.la'sl This"ffi increased the use of alternative medicine to t=1$t'bV. The consrrmption of botanicals has been :,'iurtreasing and has continued to be an important area 'of active research woddwide. The herbal medicines are
In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effect of Andrographis
Wt.Ic leaf extracts Andrographis lineata and Andrographis serphyllifolia are endemic potential medicinal plants of South India. The leaves of both the herbs have been used as ancient folklore medicine for curing diabetes, snakebite, inflammation and cancer. The present investigation deals with the study of in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effect of the ethanolic leaf extract of A. lineata (EtALL) and ethanolic leaf extract of A. serphyllifolia (EtASL). Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, flavanoids and polyphenol compounds, absence of saponins and steroids in both the extracts. The α-glucosidase inhibition results of EtALL (IC 50 value 10.12 µg/ml) and EtASL (IC 50 value 11.39 µg/ml) exhibited stronger inhibitory activity for α-glucosidase which was comparable with Acarbose. The 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay of the EtALL and EtASL extracts in 3T3-L1cell line confirmed that there was no toxicity effect for both the extracts from 6.5 to 50 µg/ml concentrations. The glucose uptake rate in 3T3-L1 cells revealed the fact that both the extracts showed increase in glucose uptake rate in dose dependent manner comparable to insulin. Further these extracts were evaluated in the in vivo model to prove the traditional claim of usage pertaining to antidiabetic property. The acute toxicity studies showed that there was no death or lethal effect observed in toxicity study. The acute treatment of fasting blood sugar and oral glucose tolerance test of EtALL and EtASL extract (400 mg/kg b.w.) treated normoglycemic rats showed hypoglycemic effect. When the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats was administered with EtALL and EtASL 400 mg/kg b.w. in chronic model (28 days) there was a significant reduction in plasma glucose, plasma insulin level, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C triglyceride, glucose-6phosphatase and fructose -1, 6-bisphosphatase levels. Glycogen content (liver and muscle), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hexokinase, was significantly increased compared with the diabetic control rats in both the extracts treated rats. The above findings showed the significant antidiabetic potential of the extracts in ameliorating the diabetic condition in the diabetic treated rats. Further studies are in progress to identify the active principle's possible for the antidiabetic effect in EtALL and EtASL extracts.
ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY IN THE LEAVES OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA
Plants have been used for medicine from time immemorial because they have fitted the immediate personal need, are easily accessible and inexpensive. In the recent past there has been a tremendous increase in the use of plant based health products in developing as well as developed countries resulting in an exponential growth of herbal products globally. Herbal medicines have a strong traditional or conceptual base and the potential to be useful as drugs in terms of safety and effectiveness leads for treating different diseases.Only preliminary studies have been reported for the anti-diabetic activity of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. Therefore, an attempt has been made to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of the ethanol extract of A. aspera leaves. It was found that ethanol extract of the leaves of A. paniculata was active in STZ models in Sprague-dawley (SD) rats. On further fractionation into four fractions of the ethanol extract, the activity was localized in the chloroform fraction only. Therefore purification of this fraction led to the isolation of four compounds. All the 4 compounds showed promising activity.
international food research journal, 2014
Excessive food consumption regarding to high calorie, obesity, cardiovascular disease, stress, and lack of exercise are risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM). One alternative therapeutic approach in DM patients is traditional use of herbal medicines such as Andrographis paniculata herbs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of a combination of n-hexane insoluble fraction of A. paniculata herb (HIFA) with other traditional medicines i.e. curcuminoids fraction of Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome (CFC) or ethyl acetate soluble fraction of propolis (ESP) in high-fructose-fat-fed rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. These effects were compared to that of the single treatment of HIFA. The DM rats were induced by high-fructose-fat diet containing 36% fructose, 15% lard, and 5% egg yolks in 0.36 g/200 gb.wt for 60 days. The drugs were administered for 10 days, and the blood glucose levels were determined with an enzymatic colorimetric method (GOD-PAP). ...
Molecules, 2016
Andrographis paniculata is an annual herb and widely cultivated in Southeast Asian countries for its medicinal use. In recent investigations, A. paniculata was found to be effective against Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM). Here, we used a non-genetic out-bred Sprague-Dawley rat model to test the antidiabetic activity of A. paniculata against Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR) spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analyses was used to evaluate the A. paniculata and metformin induced metabolic effects on the obese and obese-diabetic (obdb) rat models. Compared to the normal rats, high levels of creatinine, lactate, and allantoin were found in the urine of obese rats, whereas, obese-diabetic rats were marked by high glucose, choline and taurine levels, and low lactate, formate, creatinine, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, dimethylamine, acetoacetate, acetate, allantoin and hippurate levels. Treatment of A. paniculata leaf water extract was found to be quite effective in restoring the disturbed metabolic profile of obdb rats back towards normal conditions. Thisstudy shows the anti-diabetic potential of A. paniculata plant extract and strengthens the idea of using this plant against the diabetes. Further classical genetic methods and state of the art molecular techniques could provide insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetic effects of A. paniculata water extract.
Metabolic effects of ten daily doses of standardized extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves (AP) rich in andrographolide were evaluated in a rat model of type-2 diabetes and in diet induced obese rats. AP was administered per-orally as suspension in 0.3% carboxymethylcellulose at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Blood glucose, insulin and lipid profile of rats were measured by using enzyme kits. In addition, effects of such treatments on anti-oxidant enzymes activity and histopathological changes in various organs of diabetic rats were assessed. AP treatments reversed body weight losses and increased plasma insulin level in diabetic rats. The anti-oxidant enzymes activity became normal and histopathological changes observed in pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen of diabetic animals were less severe in extract treated groups. On the other hand, hyperinsulinemia and increased body weight gains observed in high fat or fructose fed rats were less severe in the extract treated groups. These observations revealed therapeutic potentials of the extract for treatments of diabesity associated metabolic disorders, and suggest that the effects of the extract on insulin homeostasis depend on the metabolic status of animals. Activation of cytoprotective mechanisms could be involved in its mode of action.
Antidiabetic and antioxidant efficacy of Andrographis paniculata in alloxanized albino rats
2010
Antidiabetic potential and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves were assessed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results revealed that, diabetic rats showed increase in blood glucose and decrease in plasma insulin (p<0.01) levels after 48 hrs of alloxan administration. The oral administration of ethanol extract at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, for 30 days exhibited a significant reduction in the blood glucose level compared to the standard drug-treated rats and diabetic control. The level of serum triglycerides, phospholipids and total cholesterol were significantly increased in diabetic rats. The concentration of urine, glucose, glycosylated Haemoglobin was significantly increased, whereas haemoglobin, total protein, albumin and liver glycogen were significantly decreased in diabetic animals. Administration of A. paniculata leaf extract decreased the diabetic complication. The marker enzymes of liver toxicity such as serum alanine transaminase (ALT), serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum acid phosphatase (ACP) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were elevated significantly in diabetic control. The liver glycogen levels also increased significantly in alloxaninduced diabetic rats. Catalase and vitamin C levels were increased Andrographis paniculata fed rats. Phytotherapy with the A. paniculata ethanol extract showed significant restoration in enzymatic and non enzymatic activities in diabetic animals. The phyto-treatment showed more efficient antihyperglycemic effect than the standard drug glibenclamide.
Effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Extract on Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats
Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Background: Hyperglycemia and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a significant role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Andrographis paniculata (AP) is a plant with high flavonoid content with the potential to suppress oxidative stress activity in cells and tissue. This study was aimed to investigate the role of Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) in protecting kidney damage due to the formation of AGEs in the renal glomerulus in diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: normal control group, streptozocin (STZ) induced diabetic group, STZ-induced diabetic group with AP extract (100 mg/kg BW), STZ-induced diabetic rats with AP extract (200 mg/kg BW), and STZinduced diabetic rats with APE (400 mg/ kg BW). Blood glucose levels were measured before treatment and after treatment. Serum and urine parameters were determined. Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxide levels were determined in the kidney along with histopathological examination. Results: The finding of this study showed that treatment APE at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg ameliorated kidney hypertrophy index. SOD, catalase, and GSH activities significantly decreased in the kidney of STZ-diabetic rats compared to the normal control rats. Treatment with APE significantly decreased malondialdehyde level at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: This study revealed evidence for improving diabetic retinopathy in male rats treated with Andrographis paniculata extract. APE significantly decreased oxidative stress activities in kidney of diabetic rats.
Pharmacological and Clinical Effects of Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) is an herbaceous plant has been effectively used in traditional Asian medicines for centuries. The demand for the herbal drug treatment of various ailments is increasing day by day and plant drugs from the Ayurvedic system are being explored more in India as well as globally. The aerial part of the plant is used. It contains a large number of chemical components like diterpene, diterpenoid, glycosides, flavonoids as well as flavonoid glycosides. Andrographolide has been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, such as Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-platelet aggregations, hepatoprotective and anti-HIV. A. paniculata polysaccharides combined with andrographolide can be used in the recovery of diabetic nephropathy. In addition to these activities the ethanol and an aqueous extract of A. paniculata also decrease blood glucose levels in normal rats and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Andrographolide, reacts with several inter and intracellular constituents like a bipolar compound hence ensuing in many biological responses.
Objective: This study investigated the activity of the extracts and the isolated compound on its potential in vitro antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and potential anti-cancer effect, total flavonoid content against alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and on macrophage respectively from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) wall. Ex Nees. Methodology: The isolation of the constituents was done using column while the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic was done using nitric oxide and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay while anticancer assessment was done performed using cell viability on various human hepatocellular carcinoma cell) and Chang liver (normal cell line) were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolzyl-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Although, the total flavonoid content was low, ethyl acetate extract indicated the highest total flavonoids content and it's statistically different from methanol, ethanol: water (1:1 v/v) and aqueous extracts. Ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest percentage inhibition (29.8 %) against nitric oxide scavenging activity (NaNO2) compared to other extracts. Also, the isolated crystals showed a significant inhibition against NaNO2. Moreover, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme with optimal concentration of 950μg/ml for 50 % inhibition (IC50) while the other three extracts (methanol, 50 % ethanol: water (1:1 v/v) and aqueous) indicated activity below 50 % inhibition which might be due to total flavonoid content. The potential anti-cancer effect indicates that both the methanol extract and crystals (AP02 & AP03) may have the same compound. Conclusion: The compound isolated might be Andrographolide and the activity might be due to flavonoid content for the extract.