Assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke: measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide and hair nicotine (original) (raw)
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Nicotine addiction and environmental tobacco smoke exposure
Tuberkuloz ve Toraks, 2011
To investigate the eff ect of tobacco smoke (TS) exposure on the quantity of exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) and hair nicotine (HN) and to evaluate the relationship between these values. Materials and methods: Included in the study were 96 subjects (64 male, 32 female) divided into 3 groups. Th e subjects in Group 1 (n = 46) were current smokers, and the subjects in Group 2 (n = 20) and Group 3 (n = 30) were nonsmokers with or without environmental TS exposure, respectively. Th e eCO level of all of the subjects was measured with a breath CO monitor. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used for quantifi cation of the HN (n = 47). Results: Th e mean age of the subjects was 39.1 years. Th e mean levels of eCO were 9.3 ppm, 1.3 ppm, and 1.0 ppm and the mean HN concentrations were 20.9 ng/mg, 2.1 ng/mg, and 0.7 ng/mg in the 3 groups, respectively. Th ere was a signifi cant diff erence between Group 1 and the other groups according to the levels of eCO and HN concentrations, but the levels of eCO and HN concentrations were similar in Group 2 and Group 3. Th ere was a positive correlation between the levels of eCO and the HN concentrations. Th e cutoff values of eCO and HN for smokers were 6 ppm and 4 ng/mg, respectively. Conclusion: Although nicotine analysis in some biological samples like hair is specifi c to TS exposure, these methods are expensive and diffi cult procedures. Our results suggest that instead of HN analysis, a cheap and easy method like eCO measurement may be used, but further studies with more cases are needed.
Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers
Biomedical Chromatography, 2009
The development of strategies to address the growing worldwide burden of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) would be facilitated by sensitive and accurate methods for assessing SHS exposure. Hair provides a readily available matrix for assessing biomarkers of typical SHS exposure. We developed and applied an optimized analytical method using an isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for hair nicotine measurement. The utility of this optimized method is illustrated by presenting data on SHS exposure of women and children from 31 countries. Using this isotope dilution method with spiked samples (3.3 ng/mg), we found that the greatest hair nicotine extraction efficiency was obtained with a 60 min shaking time. In the field study (n = 2400), a positive association was evident between hair nicotine concentrations from nonsmokers and higher numbers of cigarettes smoked per day in a household.
Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1996
Ahsiract: Hair from 80 male subjects, smokers and non-smokers, was exposed continously in a dynamic exposure chamber to constant nicotine vapour concentrations of 20, 200 or 2000 pg/m3 for 72 hr. Subgroups of high and low nicotine adsorbing hair were also exposed intermittantly to environmental tobacco smoke for 8 months. Air and hair concentrations of nicotine were determined by gas chromatographyhass spectrometry. The chamber experiments demonstrated a hair nicotine uptake which followed a second order relation to the applied concentrations of nicotine. y=-0.00018x2+0.715x+ 1.13, r2=0.99999. The function and the experimental points showed linearity up to an air nicotine vapour concentration of about 200 pg/m', covering the most relevant range of environmental exposure. An approximately 7-and 2-fold interindividual variation was observed in the hair uptake rate constant of nicotine vapour for the investigated material within the 10 to 90 and 25 to 75% percentiles, respectively. The factors causing this variation were not identified. It was shown that subject age, hair diameter and hair content of eumelanin were without correlation to the rate constants of hair nicotine uptake. The exposure of subgroups of hair to environmental tobacco smoke showed similar uptake profiles of nicotine as that experienced with exposure to pure nicotine vapour, supporting the relevance of controlled chamber nicotine vapour exposures as a relevant tool for the evaluation of hair nicotine uptake from a more complex environmental situation. Standardized measurements of air nicotine vapour and particulate concentrations in a modern office during 8 hr periodical smoking periods, showed that the number of cigarettes smoked was a poor indicator for the estimation of individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke constituents. Hair nicotine measurements so far seem to be superior to other suggested methodologies for estimation of environmental tobacco smoke exposure, but further studies should be initiated to identify factors determining the rate constant of hair nicotine uptake.
The analysis of nicotine in infants' hair for measuring exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
Forensic Science International, 1997
Hair samples were collected from 24 infants (3-36 months) exposed and non-exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Hair was washed in dichloromethane, digested in NaOH, extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the content of nicotine and cotinine. Nicotine concentration in non-exposed infants (1.3 + 1.7 ng/mg hair) was significantly different from that in occasionally exposed infants (6.8 &-2.1 ng/mg hair) and that in infants passively exposed to smoke (15.4 f 6.7 ng/mg hair). Cotinine could be measured only in passive smokers infants. These findings suggest the possibility of monitoring exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in infants by using nicotine measurement in hair rather than in urine, blood or saliva. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2012
In this pilot study, we examined the validity and usefulness of hair nicotine-cotinine evaluation as a biomarker of monitoring exposure to tobacco. Head hair samples were collected from 22 infants (<2 years of age) and 44 adults with different exposures to tobacco (through either active or passive smoking) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for nicotine and cotinine. Hair samples were divided into three groups, infants, passive smoker adults and active smoker adults, and into eight subgroups according to the degree of exposure. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1 ng/mg for nicotine and 0.05 ng/mg for cotinine. Mean recovery was 69.15% for nicotine and 72.08% for cotinine. The within-and between-day precision for cotinine and nicotine was calculated at different concentrations. Moreover, hair nicotine and cotinine concentrations were highly correlated among adult active smokers (R 2 ¼ 0.710, p < 0.001), among adult nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS; R 2 ¼ 0.729, p < 0.001) and among infants (R 2 ¼ 0.538, p ¼ 0.01). Among the infants exposed to SHS from both parents the noted correlations were even stronger (R 2 ¼ 0.835, p ¼ 0.02). The above results identify the use of hair samples as an effective method for assessing exposure to tobacco, with a high association between nicotine and cotinine especially among infants heavily exposed to SHS.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 2009
Active and passive smoking have been associated with an array of adverse effects on health. The development of valid and accurate scales of measurement for exposures associated with health risks constitutes an active area of research. Tobacco smoke exposure still lacks an ideal method of measurement. A valid estimation of the risks associated with tobacco exposure depends on accurate measurement. However, some groups of people are more reluctant than others to disclose their smoking status and exposure to tobacco. This is particularly true for pregnant women and parents of young children, whose smoking is often regarded as socially unacceptable. For others, recall of tobacco exposure may also prove difficult. Because relying on self-report and the various biases it introduces may lead to inaccurate measures of nicotine exposure, more objective solutions have been suggested. Biomarkers constitute the most commonly used objective method of ascertaining nicotine exposure. Of those available, cotinine has gained supremacy as the biomarker of choice. Traditionally, cotinine has been measured in blood, saliva, and urine. Cotinine collection and analysis from these sources has posed some difficulties, which have motivated the search for a more consistent and reliable source of this biomarker. Hair analysis is a novel, noninvasive technique used to detect the presence of drugs and metabolites in the hair shaft. Because cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, it is a unique measure of long-term, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Although hair analysis of cotinine holds great promise, a detailed evaluation of its potential as a biomarker of nicotine exposure, is needed. No studies have been published that address this issue. Because the levels of cotinine in the body are dependent on nicotine metabolism, which in turn is affected by factors such as age and pregnancy, the characterization of hair cotinine should be population specific. This review aims at defining the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utilization of different methods used to estimate exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke.
Study objective: The aim of this study was to compare the two biomarkers of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); urine cotinine and hair nicotine, using questionnaires as the standard. Design: A cross sectional study of children consecutively admitted to hospital for lower respiratory illnesses during the period of the study. Settings: Three regional hospitals in the larger Wellington area, New Zealand. Participants: Children aged 3-27 months and admitted to the above hospitals during August 1997 to October 1998. A total of 322 children provided 297 hair samples and 158 urine samples. Main results: Hair nicotine levels were better able to discriminate the groups of children according to their household's smoking habits at home (no smokers, smoke only outside the home, smoke inside the house) than urine cotinine (Kruskall-Wallis; χ 2 =142.14, and χ 2 =49.5, respectively (p<0.0001)). Furthermore, hair nicotine levels were more strongly correlated with number of smokers in the house, and the number of cigarettes smoked by parents and other members of the child's households. Hair nicotine was better related to the questionnaire variables of smoking in a multivariate regression model (r 2 =0.55) than urine cotinine (r 2 =0.31). Conclusions: In this group of young children, hair nicotine was a more precise biomarker of exposure to ETS than urine cotinine levels, using questionnaire reports as the reference. Both biomarkers indicate that smoking outside the house limits ETS exposure of children but does not eliminate it.
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2009
The main purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate determinants of hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking women and children exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home. Hair samples were collected from nonsmoking women (n = 852) and from children (n = 1,017) <11 years of age living in households (n = 1,095) with smokers from 31 countries from July 2005 to October 2006. Participants' ages, activity patterns and socioeconomic characteristics including education and employment status, and hair treatment information were collected. Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to identify the main determinants of hair nicotine concentration measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Increased indoor air nicotine concentration at home were associated with increased hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking women and children. This association was not changed after controlling for other explanatory variables. After controlling for age, length of exposure, and socioeconomic characteristics, hair nicotine concentrations in nonsmoking children and women were estimated to be increased by 3% and 1%, respectively, for a 1 μg/m 3 increase in air nicotine concentration. The association between children's exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke at home and hair nicotine concentration was stronger among younger children and children with longer exposure at home. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
Use of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Constituents as Markers for Exposure
Risk Analysis, 1999
The 16-City Study analyzed for gas-phase environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) constituents (nicotine, 3-ethenyl pyridine , and myosmine) and for particulate-phase constituents (respirable particulate matter [RSP], ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter [UVPM], fluorescing particulate matter [FPM], scopoletin, and solanesol). In this second of three articles, we discuss the merits of each constituent as a marker for ETS and report pair-wise comparisons of the markers. Neither nicotine nor UVPM were good predictors for RSP. However, nicotine and UVPM were good qualitative predictors of each other. Nicotine was correlated with other gas-phase constituents. Comparisons between UVPM and other particulate-phase constituents were performed. Its relation with FPM was excellent, with UVPM approximately 1% times FPM. The correlation between UVPM and solanesol was good, but the relationship between the two was not linear. The relation between UVPM and scopoletin was not good, largely because of noise in the scopoletin measures around its limit of detection. We considered the relation between nicotine and saliva cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine. The two were highly correlated on the group level. That is, for each cell (smoking home and work, smoking home but nonsmoking work, and so forth), there was high correlation between average cotinine and 24-hour time-weighted average (TWA) nicotine concentrations. However, on the individual level, the correlations, although significant, were not biologically meaningful. A consideration of cotinine and nicotine or 3-EP on a subset of the study whose only exposure to ETS was exclusively at work or exclusively at home showed that home exposure was a more important source of ETS than work exposure.
Comparison of intake of nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke between nose and mouth breathers
Environment International, 1989
Two experiments were carried out in order to investigate nicotine intake through passive smoking. In the first study, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and serum cotinine were found to increase to a similar extent in seven subjects breathing through the nose only and in another seven subjects breathing through the mouth only during exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similarly, no significant difference was found in urinary excretion of nicotine and cotinine over a period of 72 hours, although nicotine and cotinine excretion tended to be slightly higher after inhalation through the nose only. In the second study, nicotine was measured in four subjects who held mainstream or sidestream smoke in the mouth without inhaling. Cotinine levels in serum and amounts of nicotine and cotinine excreted in the urine were low compared with those measured in the breathing study. Nicotine from sidestream smoke, however, is more effectively absorbed by the oral mucoaa than nicotine from mainstream smoke. The data suggest that nicotine intake from passive smoking largely takes place in the bronchial tree and that nicotine absorption via the nasal or the oral mucosa is 0nly of minor significance.