Shelled out? A Snapshot of Bekko Trade in Selected Locations in Southeast Asia (original) (raw)
Turtle trade in Indochina: regional summary (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam)
Chelonian Research Monographs, 2000
CHELONIAN RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS (ISSN 1 088-7 105) is an international peer-reviewed scientific publication series for monograph-length manuscripts, collected proceedings of symposia, edited compilations, and other longer turtle-related research documents. The series accepts contributions dealing with any aspects of chelonian research, with a preference for conservation or biology. Manuscripts or edited compilations dealing with conservation biology, systematic relationships, chelonian diversity, geographic distribution, natural history, ecology, reproduction, morphology and natural variation, population status, husbandry, and human exploitation or conservation management issues are of special interest. Bibliographic and other reference materials are also of interest. Submit manuscripts directly to A.G.J.
To Ban or Not to Ban? Reviewing an Ongoing Dilemma on Sea Turtle Egg Trade in Terengganu, Malaysia
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020
Legal trade in sea turtles and their eggs remains a reality in many countries where conservation of this marine endangered species does exist. This duality is a conflict to some who appeal for a total trade ban, which may have implications on local livelihoods. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), this paper considers the dilemma by empirically examining the context of the state's legislation, particularly the Terengganu Turtle Enactment (TTE) and its "haves"-what is legally provided on paper, the available capitals in hand, and the actual implementation carried out in practice-to elucidate whether a trade ban is indeed the immediate solution for improving sea turtle conservation in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia, which is an important rookery in Southeast Asia. Findings based on data collected through extensive archival research and in-depth interviews with officers of the state who manage sea turtles as well as those whose past and current livelihoods depend on the trade indicate that (1) sea turtles are a transformative natural capital that the Terengganu legislation supports on paper via a pro-conservation concession system; (2) in putting paper into practice, those involved in its implementation have strategically mobilized available resources to achieve a balanced outcome between conservation and livelihood; and (3) institutional absenteeism, financial handicap, and ambiguous legal protection status of nesting beaches are issues that need addressing to fulfill the true potential of this legislation. However, a better conservation outcome is administratively possible via a full conservation-concession system that lists all beaches under the TTE to ensure the sustainability of sea turtles and local livelihoods, in preparation for the ultimate long-term goal: total conservation via a trade ban without which conservation of the species remains precarious not only at state but also at national and regional levels.
Jurnal Pembangunan dan Alam Lestari
Indonesia is known as one of the highest supplier on animal illegal trading, especially reptile. The objectives of this study are to reveal the preparation proccess of reptiles in the wholesaler and the flow of illegal trade through deep interview and observation in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The results showed that wholesaler did some specific processes towards reptile. As much as 289 reptiles were observed to be traded in various conditions. Dry season affect the amount of animal sold. Chinese Ratsnake (Ptyas korros) and Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatis) became the most traded commodity within reptile trading, and is reported to be exported to other countries. Trafficking of adult reptiles could threaten their wild population, yet the level of exploration and monitoring toward reptile's wild population are still low.
2008
Adult-Referring to a sexually mature animal. Here specifically referring to specimens of freshwater turtles which have established external sexual dimorphism. Anon.-Anonymous. Article IV-Under the convention text of CITES (see below), concerning the Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met: (a) a Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species; (b) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and (c) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment. Assurance population-Referring to those populations of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle that are protected and that live under conditions that provide nutrition, mates and an environment that allows population growth. Category I-One of three categories for species under Review of Significant Trade. A Category I species is considered a species of urgent concern and shall include species for which the available information indicates that the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 2 (a), 3 or 6 (a), are not being implemented. CITES-The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CN-ISO code for China. Commensal-Here referring to turtle species that are commensals of man, meaning turtles that inhabit anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Consumption trade-Trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises, including the Southeast Asian Box Turtle, for food. Exporter-Referring to a trader who exports turtles for commercial purposes. Fecundity-The potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population, measured by the number of eggs. Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors such as food supply, birth, death, growth rate. Femorals-2 nd to the last plates on the turtle plastron. Gross exports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the total quantity (re-)exported of a given commodity". Gross imports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the total quantity imported of a given commodity". Hatchling-A life history stage. Here for the Southeast Asian Box Turtle defined as the stage from hatching until the egg tooth is lost, which is usually 10-19 days after hatching. HK-ISO code for Hong Kong. IATA-International Air Transport Association, which has created standards for the transport of live animals by air. ID-ISO code for Indonesia. Ikan-Bahasa Malaysia word for "fish". In-situ conservation-Meaning "on-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat. iii Science in CITES:The biology and ecology of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis and its uses and trade in Malaysia IUCN-International Union for Conservation. Juvenile-Here referring to sexually immature individuals of freshwater turtles. Kg. = Kampung-Bahasa Malaysia for 'small village'. Kura Kura-The general Malay term for hard-shelled turtles. Labi Labi-The general Malay term for softshell turtles. MA-CITES Management Authority. A national management body designated in accordance with Article IX of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Management Authority is responsible for implementing the Convention in its country. In particular, it is the only body competent to grant import, export permits, and re-export certificates on behalf of that Party. Even though a Party may designate more than one Management Authority, one must be designated as the Management Authority responsible for communication with other Parties and the Secretariat. Malayan Box Turtle-English name of the subspecies C. amboinensis kamaroma that occurs in Malaysia. In the following the term Malayan Box Turtle is used if the statement is only valid for the Malayan subspecies C. amboinensis kamaroma. MeCL-Median carapace length, measured in straight carapace length. Melaleuca swamps-Referring to low lying coastal areas, seasonally inundated by fresh water and dominated by water-loving trees, the Melaleucas of the family Myrtaceae. Merit release-Referring to the Chinese tradition of releasing one or several turtles to a temple or to the wild believing that this will bring long life to the person performing the action. Here categorised as one of the potential uses for trading the Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Middleman-Referring to a trader who buys turtles from collectors and sells them to a supplier or to an exporter. MoNRE-Malaysia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. MY-ISO code for Malaysia. NDF-Non-detrimental or non-detriment finding-A conclusion by a Scientific Authority that the export of specimens of a particular species will not negatively affect the survival of the species in the wild. The non-detriment finding by a Scientific Authority is required prior to the issuance of an export or import permit or a certificate for an introduction from the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-I species, and prior an export permit or a certificate for an introduction from the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-II species. Net exports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the positive difference between total (re-)exports (gross) and the total imports (gross)". Net imports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the positive difference between total imports (gross) and the total (re-)exports (gross)". NGO-Non-government organization. Normal distribution-In statistics a function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. Orang Asli-Indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia. PERHILITAN-Pejabat Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara = Department of Wildlife and National Parks, one of the key CITES Management Authorities in Peninsular Malaysia, responsible for issuance of permits for all fauna except fish and marine species. Pet trade-Referring to the trade of species such as the Southeast Asian Box Turtle for the purpose of keeping it as pet. Population-The number of individuals of a certain species in a certain place. Precautionary Principle-A rule according to which pre-emptive conservation measures to avoid or Science in CITES:The biology and ecology of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis and its uses and trade in Malaysia iv minimize a threat to a population of a species may be taken even when there is a lack of full scientific certainty as to the threat. Protected species-Referring to species that are protected under Malaysian law. Review of Significant Trade-A CITES-mandated process in cases, where export levels for Appendix II species are significant and/or considered to be of concern for conservation measures. Resolution Conf. 8.9 (Rev.) provides a mechanism whereby the CITES Animals or Plants Committee can review the situation and formulate recommendations to ensure that the export is not detrimental to the survival of wild populations of the species under review. Schedule-Wildlife species that are protected or which are otherwise regulated under the Malaysian Government are divided into different schedules, whereas Schedule I lists totally protected species and Schedule II lists protected species. Scientific Authority (SA)-A national scientific advisory body designated in accordance with CITES Article IX of the Convention. A Scientific Authority is responsible for providing technical and scientific advice to its Management Authority, in particular as to whether the export or introduction from the sea of a specimen will be detrimental to the survival in the wild of the species involved. A Party may designate more than one Scientific Authority. SEA-Southeast Asia. SG-ISO code for Singapore. Sg. = Sungai-Bahasa Malaysia term for "river". Southeast Asian Box Turtle-English name for the species Cuora amboinensis that comprises four subspecies. Here the term Southeast Asian Box Turtle is used when referring to the species C. amboinensis in general. Subadult-A life history stage used to classify immature individuals, which are sometimes also referred to as large juveniles or late juvenile. Subadults already express external sexual dimorphism. Supplier-Referring to a trader who buys turtles either from collectors or from middlemen and sells them either to the local market or to an exporter. Tamu-Bahasa Malaysia term for a large street market where mainly food but also clothing and handicrafts are sold. Every of these markets usually has at least one aquarium/pet stall that sells fishes and/or pet animals incl. freshwater turtles. TCM-Traditional Chinese Medicine; this is one of the major reasons for trading the Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Testudines-Taxonomic term that comprises all turtles, terrapins and tortoises. Tortoise-Term commonly used for terrestrial turtles not associated with wetlands. Trader-Refers to any person dealing with the Southeast Asian Box Turtle or other reptile species, including collectors, middlemen, suppliers, and exporters. TRAFFIC-The wildlife trade monitoring network, a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. TSD-Temperature-dependent sex determination. Turtle-Here generally used for all freshwater turtles and tortoises. TW-ISO code for Taiwan.
TRADING FACES: Online Trade of Helmeted and Other Hornbill Species on Facebook in Thailand
TRAFFIC, 2019
TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Reprod uction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organisations concern ing the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Illegal capture and black market trade of sea turtles in Pisco, Peru: the never ending story
Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 2017
The Pisco-San Andrés area (13°44´S, 76°13´W) in central Peru is known for a traditional historic sea turtle fishery. To determine if illegal captures and black market trade exist, we carried out biweekly sampling in dumpsites and coastal areas from 2009 to 2015. A total of 953 carapaces were encountered, which included mainly black turtles (Chelonia mydas, 92.2%) and to a lesser extent, olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea, 4.3%), leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea, 1.4%), and a single hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricate, 0.1%). The mean curved carapace length (CCL) was 59.1 for black turtles, 60.4 for olive ridleys and 113 cm for leatherbacks. For all species, most of turtles reported were juveniles and came largely from illegal captures (89%) and not from stranding reports (1.4%). Mean mortality was 8.1 carcasses km-1 year-1 at beaches and 160.2 carcasses year-1 at dumpsites. Main consumed prey items in black turtles were silverside fish eggs (47.9%), Chondracanthus seaweed (31.4%) and Paranthus sp., anemone (16.2%). Despite the big sampling effort, mortality estimates could be underestimated since big percentages are butchered and discarded at sea. Still, numbers remains high with almost 1000 turtles in a five-year period and an illegal trade persists. Urgent measures are needed to recover this endangered species.
The Threat of Appendix CITES-Listed Turtles Harvesting in Central Borneo and South Sumatra
2020
Exploitation freshwater turtle for local consumption, medicine, and pet in several parts in Asia caused the declining populations in the wild. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of turtle harvest that listed in Appendix CITES in South Sumatra and Central Borneo. We reported the trading network of the three most exploited turtle species in South Sumatera and Central Borneo. We visited the largest middleman in the two provinces and collect the data that comprises the harvest number, prices, trade flow, catching area, and the level of harvest for local consumption. During our survey in Sampit (Central Borneo) (one week in April 2019), we recorded 667 kg of turtles were sent to a middleman and harvested from Jemaras and Sembuluh district. This amount comprises 549 individuals of C uora amboinensis , 173 S iebenrockiella crassicollis , and one individual of C yclemys dentata. Contrary to that, in Palembang, we did not find any delivery of turtle from the hunters. However, 387 i...
Enforcement seizures reveal large-scale illegal trade in India's tortoises and freshwater turtles
Biological Conservation, 2017
Illegal trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles (TFTs) for pet, meat and traditional medicine markets in East and Southeast Asia poses significant threats to wild TFTs globally. South Asian countries such as India are believed to be disproportionately large sources of wild TFTs in illegal international markets, but the nature and dynamics of this trade in India are poorly understood. Using data from 223 enforcement seizure reports obtained through systematic online searches, we show that at least 15 of India's 28 TFT species, including 10 IUCN Threatened species, are illegally harvested, with over 58,000 live individuals seized during 2011-15. Geochelone elegans, Geoclemys hamiltonii and Lissemys punctata were recorded in the largest number of seizures and comprised the largest numbers of TFTs seized overall. Nearly 90% of all seizures were from illegal commercial trade, and there were numerous reports of Indian TFTs being transported by road, rail and air within India, as well as to known pet and meat trading hubs in Bangladesh, Thailand, and four other East/Southeast Asian countries. Commercial trade of live TFTs now targets twice as many Indian species as reported in the 1990s. Alongside illegal harvests for local consumption and TFT body parts for traditional East Asian medicines, this illegal trade poses a growing threat to Indian TFTs. Our findings indicate that building awareness and capacity for handling TFT seizures among enforcement agencies, and strengthening international cooperation for law enforcement, are important steps needed for conserving India's endangered tortoises and freshwater turtles.