Shelled out? A Snapshot of Bekko Trade in Selected Locations in Southeast Asia (original) (raw)
Related papers
Turtle trade in Indochina: regional summary (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam)
Chelonian Research Monographs, 2000
CHELONIAN RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS (ISSN 1 088-7 105) is an international peer-reviewed scientific publication series for monograph-length manuscripts, collected proceedings of symposia, edited compilations, and other longer turtle-related research documents. The series accepts contributions dealing with any aspects of chelonian research, with a preference for conservation or biology. Manuscripts or edited compilations dealing with conservation biology, systematic relationships, chelonian diversity, geographic distribution, natural history, ecology, reproduction, morphology and natural variation, population status, husbandry, and human exploitation or conservation management issues are of special interest. Bibliographic and other reference materials are also of interest. Submit manuscripts directly to A.G.J.
To Ban or Not to Ban? Reviewing an Ongoing Dilemma on Sea Turtle Egg Trade in Terengganu, Malaysia
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020
Legal trade in sea turtles and their eggs remains a reality in many countries where conservation of this marine endangered species does exist. This duality is a conflict to some who appeal for a total trade ban, which may have implications on local livelihoods. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), this paper considers the dilemma by empirically examining the context of the state's legislation, particularly the Terengganu Turtle Enactment (TTE) and its "haves"-what is legally provided on paper, the available capitals in hand, and the actual implementation carried out in practice-to elucidate whether a trade ban is indeed the immediate solution for improving sea turtle conservation in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia, which is an important rookery in Southeast Asia. Findings based on data collected through extensive archival research and in-depth interviews with officers of the state who manage sea turtles as well as those whose past and current livelihoods depend on the trade indicate that (1) sea turtles are a transformative natural capital that the Terengganu legislation supports on paper via a pro-conservation concession system; (2) in putting paper into practice, those involved in its implementation have strategically mobilized available resources to achieve a balanced outcome between conservation and livelihood; and (3) institutional absenteeism, financial handicap, and ambiguous legal protection status of nesting beaches are issues that need addressing to fulfill the true potential of this legislation. However, a better conservation outcome is administratively possible via a full conservation-concession system that lists all beaches under the TTE to ensure the sustainability of sea turtles and local livelihoods, in preparation for the ultimate long-term goal: total conservation via a trade ban without which conservation of the species remains precarious not only at state but also at national and regional levels.
Jurnal Pembangunan dan Alam Lestari
Indonesia is known as one of the highest supplier on animal illegal trading, especially reptile. The objectives of this study are to reveal the preparation proccess of reptiles in the wholesaler and the flow of illegal trade through deep interview and observation in Kebumen Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The results showed that wholesaler did some specific processes towards reptile. As much as 289 reptiles were observed to be traded in various conditions. Dry season affect the amount of animal sold. Chinese Ratsnake (Ptyas korros) and Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatis) became the most traded commodity within reptile trading, and is reported to be exported to other countries. Trafficking of adult reptiles could threaten their wild population, yet the level of exploration and monitoring toward reptile's wild population are still low.
2008
Adult-Referring to a sexually mature animal. Here specifically referring to specimens of freshwater turtles which have established external sexual dimorphism. Anon.-Anonymous. Article IV-Under the convention text of CITES (see below), concerning the Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met: (a) a Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species; (b) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and (c) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment. Assurance population-Referring to those populations of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle that are protected and that live under conditions that provide nutrition, mates and an environment that allows population growth. Category I-One of three categories for species under Review of Significant Trade. A Category I species is considered a species of urgent concern and shall include species for which the available information indicates that the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 2 (a), 3 or 6 (a), are not being implemented. CITES-The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CN-ISO code for China. Commensal-Here referring to turtle species that are commensals of man, meaning turtles that inhabit anthropogenically disturbed habitats. Consumption trade-Trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises, including the Southeast Asian Box Turtle, for food. Exporter-Referring to a trader who exports turtles for commercial purposes. Fecundity-The potential reproductive capacity of an organism or population, measured by the number of eggs. Fecundity can increase or decrease in a population according to current conditions and certain regulating factors such as food supply, birth, death, growth rate. Femorals-2 nd to the last plates on the turtle plastron. Gross exports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the total quantity (re-)exported of a given commodity". Gross imports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the total quantity imported of a given commodity". Hatchling-A life history stage. Here for the Southeast Asian Box Turtle defined as the stage from hatching until the egg tooth is lost, which is usually 10-19 days after hatching. HK-ISO code for Hong Kong. IATA-International Air Transport Association, which has created standards for the transport of live animals by air. ID-ISO code for Indonesia. Ikan-Bahasa Malaysia word for "fish". In-situ conservation-Meaning "on-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat. iii Science in CITES:The biology and ecology of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis and its uses and trade in Malaysia IUCN-International Union for Conservation. Juvenile-Here referring to sexually immature individuals of freshwater turtles. Kg. = Kampung-Bahasa Malaysia for 'small village'. Kura Kura-The general Malay term for hard-shelled turtles. Labi Labi-The general Malay term for softshell turtles. MA-CITES Management Authority. A national management body designated in accordance with Article IX of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Management Authority is responsible for implementing the Convention in its country. In particular, it is the only body competent to grant import, export permits, and re-export certificates on behalf of that Party. Even though a Party may designate more than one Management Authority, one must be designated as the Management Authority responsible for communication with other Parties and the Secretariat. Malayan Box Turtle-English name of the subspecies C. amboinensis kamaroma that occurs in Malaysia. In the following the term Malayan Box Turtle is used if the statement is only valid for the Malayan subspecies C. amboinensis kamaroma. MeCL-Median carapace length, measured in straight carapace length. Melaleuca swamps-Referring to low lying coastal areas, seasonally inundated by fresh water and dominated by water-loving trees, the Melaleucas of the family Myrtaceae. Merit release-Referring to the Chinese tradition of releasing one or several turtles to a temple or to the wild believing that this will bring long life to the person performing the action. Here categorised as one of the potential uses for trading the Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Middleman-Referring to a trader who buys turtles from collectors and sells them to a supplier or to an exporter. MoNRE-Malaysia's Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. MY-ISO code for Malaysia. NDF-Non-detrimental or non-detriment finding-A conclusion by a Scientific Authority that the export of specimens of a particular species will not negatively affect the survival of the species in the wild. The non-detriment finding by a Scientific Authority is required prior to the issuance of an export or import permit or a certificate for an introduction from the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-I species, and prior an export permit or a certificate for an introduction from the sea may be granted for a specimen of an Appendix-II species. Net exports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the positive difference between total (re-)exports (gross) and the total imports (gross)". Net imports-Referring to the definition of the CITES Trade Database which is "the positive difference between total imports (gross) and the total (re-)exports (gross)". NGO-Non-government organization. Normal distribution-In statistics a function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. Orang Asli-Indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia. PERHILITAN-Pejabat Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara = Department of Wildlife and National Parks, one of the key CITES Management Authorities in Peninsular Malaysia, responsible for issuance of permits for all fauna except fish and marine species. Pet trade-Referring to the trade of species such as the Southeast Asian Box Turtle for the purpose of keeping it as pet. Population-The number of individuals of a certain species in a certain place. Precautionary Principle-A rule according to which pre-emptive conservation measures to avoid or Science in CITES:The biology and ecology of the Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis and its uses and trade in Malaysia iv minimize a threat to a population of a species may be taken even when there is a lack of full scientific certainty as to the threat. Protected species-Referring to species that are protected under Malaysian law. Review of Significant Trade-A CITES-mandated process in cases, where export levels for Appendix II species are significant and/or considered to be of concern for conservation measures. Resolution Conf. 8.9 (Rev.) provides a mechanism whereby the CITES Animals or Plants Committee can review the situation and formulate recommendations to ensure that the export is not detrimental to the survival of wild populations of the species under review. Schedule-Wildlife species that are protected or which are otherwise regulated under the Malaysian Government are divided into different schedules, whereas Schedule I lists totally protected species and Schedule II lists protected species. Scientific Authority (SA)-A national scientific advisory body designated in accordance with CITES Article IX of the Convention. A Scientific Authority is responsible for providing technical and scientific advice to its Management Authority, in particular as to whether the export or introduction from the sea of a specimen will be detrimental to the survival in the wild of the species involved. A Party may designate more than one Scientific Authority. SEA-Southeast Asia. SG-ISO code for Singapore. Sg. = Sungai-Bahasa Malaysia term for "river". Southeast Asian Box Turtle-English name for the species Cuora amboinensis that comprises four subspecies. Here the term Southeast Asian Box Turtle is used when referring to the species C. amboinensis in general. Subadult-A life history stage used to classify immature individuals, which are sometimes also referred to as large juveniles or late juvenile. Subadults already express external sexual dimorphism. Supplier-Referring to a trader who buys turtles either from collectors or from middlemen and sells them either to the local market or to an exporter. Tamu-Bahasa Malaysia term for a large street market where mainly food but also clothing and handicrafts are sold. Every of these markets usually has at least one aquarium/pet stall that sells fishes and/or pet animals incl. freshwater turtles. TCM-Traditional Chinese Medicine; this is one of the major reasons for trading the Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Testudines-Taxonomic term that comprises all turtles, terrapins and tortoises. Tortoise-Term commonly used for terrestrial turtles not associated with wetlands. Trader-Refers to any person dealing with the Southeast Asian Box Turtle or other reptile species, including collectors, middlemen, suppliers, and exporters. TRAFFIC-The wildlife trade monitoring network, a joint programme of WWF and IUCN. TSD-Temperature-dependent sex determination. Turtle-Here generally used for all freshwater turtles and tortoises. TW-ISO code for Taiwan.
Survey of sea turtle products for sale in shops in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Marine Turtle Newsletter 60: 5-8, 1993
In March 1992, a survey was done of shops selling sea turtle products in inner Ho Chi Minh City. Although the inventory may not represent every single shop in Ho Chi Minh City that sells sea turtle products, it should represent most of them, including the large establishments that are dealing in sea turtle products. The following figures only represent products that were on show at the shops that were surveyed. Any stocks that were not on show were not included. However, in most cases it seems likely that the shops had all their stock on show. Products were made using both green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles; most whole shells were from green turtles. Wholesale dealers could not be located, but most of the dealers claimed that they bought their products from people in Ha Tien, Kien Giang province, and Vung Tau, which is about 60 km from Ho Chi Minh City, on the coast. Both places are well known in Southern Vietnam for their sea turtles. The main market for the sea turtle products appears to be tourists, many of whom come from east Asian countries.
Observations of threatened Asian box turtles (Cuora spp.) on trade in Vietnam
Herpetological Journal, 2019
Asian box turtles (genus Cuora; Geoemydidae) are among the most threatened Asian turtles. Here, we present (i) a field investigation from 2014-2018 on the Cuora individuals traded by high-level traders in six provinces of Vietnam and (ii) the estimated numbers of traded individuals determined through interviews with traders. In addition, we (iii) provide an analysis of the confiscated individuals that were carried out at the main wildlife rescue centre of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Overall, the number of traded individuals observed was relatively small (n = 481), with C. bourreti being by far the most frequently observed in trade. During the same period, the interviewed traders estimated that about 3,400 individuals were traded through the period 2014-2018, most of them being C. bourreti. During 2010-2018, a total of 281 individuals were carried to the wildlife rescue centre, with over 60 % of the total rescued individuals being C. galbinifrons. Overall, the numbers of trade...
Market turtle mystery solved in Vietnam
Aquaculture, 2011
Asian turtles are overharvested for food, medicinal purposes and pets, and most species are now at risk of extinction (‘Asian turtle crisis’). As a result of high levels of trade, some species of Asian turtles are known to science mostly or only from animals found in trade. The Vietnamese box turtle (Cuora picturata) was described in 1998 and is known only from markets. This species is likely to be highly threatened, and identifying the origin of this “market species” is imperative if it is to be conserved. We used evidence from phylogeny, biogeography and trade patterns to focus field searches for this species, and in July 2010–January 2011 found it in the wild at three localities on the Langbian Plateau of southern Vietnam. This discovery provides the first opportunity to conserve the Vietnamese box turtle, and provides hope for determining the wild origin of other rare Asian turtles that remain known only from commercial trade.
Protected on paper, hunted in wetlands: exploitation and trade of freshwater turtles
indiaenvironmentportal.org.in
Soft shell turtles are among the most threatened groups of freshwater animals that are in need of urgent conservation attention. In Kerala (South India), two species of freshwater turtles, the Indian black turtle or Indian pond terrapin, Melanochelys trijuga coronata (Schweigger, 1812) and the Indian Flap-shelled turtle Lissemys punctata punctata (Lacépède, 1788) are exploited from Vembanad lake and associated wetlands in Punnamada to meet the demand from local restaurants and toddy shops. Eight hundred and forty three individuals belonging to the two species (499 pond terrapins and 344 flap-shelled turtle) were observed during a field survey conducted in 2007 at Punnamada. Despite being listed at the highest level in the Indian wildlife protection act, very little law enforcement takes place and turtles are exploited and traded regularly. Collection and trade have also become an important component of the local livelihoods in Punnamada, with the involvement of around five full-time and 25 part-time collectors. Details of the collection, marketing, economics and management of the freshwater turtles in Punnamada are discussed.