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Aftermath of the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004, which caused approximately 230 000 fatalities, the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has taken up the responsibility to establish the National Tsunami Early Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) is operational since October, 2007 and comprises of a real-time network of Seismic Stations, Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) and Tide gauges to detect Tsunamigenic earthquakes and to monitor tsunamis. A state-of-the-art early warning centre was developed with all the necessary computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time data from all the sensors, analysis of the data, generation and dissemination of tsunami advisories following a standard operating procedure. This report describes about the various components of the ITEWS, provides a glimpse of the standard operating procedure followed for dis...
GPS water level measurements for Indonesia's Tsunami Early Warning System
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2011
On Boxing Day 2004, a severe tsunami was generated by a strong earthquake in Northern Sumatra causing a large number of casualties. At this time, neither an offshore buoy network was in place to measure tsunami waves, nor a system to disseminate tsunami warnings to local governmental entities. Since then, buoys have been developed by Indonesia and Germany, complemented by
VERY LOCAL TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM ANOTHER CHALLENGE OF INATEWS
The establishment of the tsunami warning system is based on the fact, that the seismic waves propagate faster then tsunami wave. The tsunami wave arrive in the shore line after the earthquake parameters can be determined, so that there is time left to evaluate the earthquake, whether the earthquake is tsunamigenic or not, disseminated the information or warning to the target area, and finally to do evacuation if necessary. For the tele-tsunami, in which the tsunami will arrive in the beach more then one hour after the origin time of earthquake, generally there is enough time to do all of those processes, so that the warning can be disseminate in 100 % confidence level. For local tsunami, in which the tsunami will arrive in the beach less then one hour, the warning is disseminated in the lower the confidence level. For example, Indonesia Tsunami Warning System (InaTEWS) is designed for local tsunami warning for Indonesian region. Any tsunami-genic earthquake occurs in the Indian Ocean plate boundary, the tsunami wave will sweep the closest shore line within 20-40 minutes after the origin time of the earthquake. The warning is determined just only based on the evaluation of the earthquake parameters and tsunami modeling. It is difficult to add sea level data to increase the confidence level of he warning. Although the confidence level is lower, the tsunami warning could be disseminated. In some cases, especially for the eastern of Indonesia, the tsunami can be generated within inner sea, such as Flores sea, Banda sea, Ceram sea, Maluku sea, and any others. In that cases, tsunami wave will reach the closest shore line within 10 minutes or less. This tsunami may be called as very local tsunami. By evaluating the time line for issuing the tsunami warning, it is clear that very critical to disseminate tsunami warning based on the available technology recently. The effectiveness of the warning is very small, therefore another possibility warning for very local tsunami should be designed. In this presentation, we propose to use natural signs as the warning. As we might know that in general tsunami can be generated by large earthquake. This kind earthquake could be felt strongly by most peoples. This natural sign could be applied as a tsunami warning. The other possibility is to use rather simple technology, as compliment to the natural
Warning for the 26 December 2004 tsunamis
Purpose -To investigate whether or not people at risk from the 26 December 2004 tsunamis could have had better warning of the event. Design/methodology/approach -This paper examines short-term actions related to warning following the earthquake and long-term actions related to setting up an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system prior to the disaster. The evidence is presented in the context of the long-term processes needed to create and maintain successful warning systems. Findings -The evidence shows that, based on the knowledge and procedures existing at the time, any expectation of effective warning prior to the tsunamis was unreasonable. On 26 December 2004, as much action was taken as feasible. Prior to the catastrophe, the Indian Ocean tsunami risks were acknowledged but no warning systems were implemented because other priorities were deemed to be higher.
Addressing the Risk of Tsunami in the Indian Ocean
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Identification and forecasting of tsunamis require detection of a tsunamigenic earthquake and its parameters, generation of model scenarios to estimate travel time and run-up height, monitoring of sea level, a decision support system, a standard operating procedure and mechanisms for timely delivery of information. India has successfully set up the First Tsunami Warning Centre in the Indian Ocean in record time, which has been operational from October 15, 2007. The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System comprises a real-time network of seismic stations, Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR) and tide gauges to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes and to monitor tsunamis. Tunami N2 model has been used for the purpose of predicting surges for different scenarios of earthquakes. For operational early warning, a large spatial database (about 8 Terabytes) of pre-run numerical simulations has been created, which can be accessed at the time of an earthquake event to generate forecast of tsunami travel time and run up estimates for different parts of the coastline of the Indian Ocean. A state-of-the-art early warning centre has been established at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) with all the necessary computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time data from all the sensors, analysis
The Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) in Hyderabad monitored the 11 April 2012 tsunami off the coast of Sumatra, which was generated by a shallow strike–slip earthquake and it largest aftershock of magnitude Mw (mB) 8.5 and 8.2 respectively, that occurred inside the subducting slab of the Indian plate. The earthquake generated a small ocean-wide tsunami that has been recorded by various tide gauges and tsunami buoys located in the Indian Ocean region. ITEWC detected the earthquake within 3 min 52 s and issued six advisories (bulletins) according to its Standard Operating Procedure. The ITEWC performed well during the event, and avoided false alarms and unnecessary public evacuations, especially in the mainland part of India region.