A Survey Focusing on Lucid Dreaming, Metacognition, and Dream Anxiety in Medical Students (original) (raw)
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Sleep-related metacognitions play a role in the etiology of insomnia and are distressing while falling asleep. Although similar concepts, such as thought suppression, have been studied in the context of dreaming, the relationship between sleep-related metacognitions and more negatively toned dreaming due to stressful pre-sleep experiences has yet to be studied. Overall, 919 patients with various sleep disorders completed the Metacognitions Questionnaire-Insomnia (MCQ-I20), Arousal Disposition Scale (APS), and Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) and kept a sleep diary over seven days eliciting dream recall, nightmare frequency, and the emotional tone of their dreams. The regression analysis showed that the MCQ-I20 (small effect size) and the APS (medium effect size) were associated with nightmare frequency and negatively toned dream emotions. These findings suggest that dysfunctional sleep-related metacognitions that are active prior to sleep are also associated with more negatively toned...
Reflective awareness and cognitive abilities in dreams: Implications for lucid dream research.
International Journal of Dream Research, 2017
Past research has suggested that reflective awareness in dreams, as a broader concept for understanding the phenomenon of lucid dreaming, can be further differentiated into a five-factor model (i.e., lucid mindfulness, dual perspectives, depersonalization, intra-dream self-reflection, and willed appearances) (Lee, 2010; Lee & Kuiken, 2015). Past research has also indicated that two kinds of cognitive abilities (i.e., remembering previous events and reasoning ability) were evident in lucid dreaming (Gackenbach, 1991b; Green & McCreery, 1994; LaBerge, 1985; LaBerge & Gackenbach, 2000). In consideration of the evidence that depersonalization within dreams was associated with traumatic experiences and some effects in subsequent waking life (decrease in waking mindfulness) (Lee, 2010) and the statement of whether dreams per se have an adaptive function that relies on the investigation of cognitive processes that occur in both waking and dreaming states (Blagrove, 1996), the present study is intended to investigate dream reflective awareness (especially for depersonalization) and its relationships with cognitive abilities (especially for memory and reasoning/anticipation) in dreams. It is expected that the findings would advance our knowledge of reflective awareness and the function of lucid dreams. Ninety undergraduate students from a Taiwanese university were the participants (28.1% females, 71.9% males, Mean age = 19.0 years, SD age = 0.9 years) of this study. Participants were first asked to describe their most impactful dreams, during the preceding three months. Afterwards, the participants completed the Dream Reflective Awareness Questionnaire (DRAQ, Chinese version; cf. Lee, 2010; Lee, Kuiken, & Czupryn, 2007), and then the General Dream Pattern Questionnaire (GDPQ; Lee, 2013). The results indicated that, within the dream, depersonalization was not associated with the two critical cognitive functions (i.e., memory and reasoning/anticipation abilities), but associated with a lack of clear self-presentation. This research suggests that it is critical to further investigate the alteration of cognitive function and self-transformation accompanied by depersonalization within the dream.
PLoS ONE, 2021
Focusing on a specific population when studying dream characteristics can shed light on underlying mechanisms and correlates of dreaming. The aim of this study is to establish a clearer description of specific dream aspects and beliefs in a large cohort of students using a validated questionnaire, and to further investigate the role of sociodemographic variables such as age, gender and field of study. Participants were 1137 students aged from 18 to 34 (mean age: 22.2) who responded to an online version of the questionnaire. Our results showed a difference between humanities and science students, and a differential effect of gender on dream variables. Our results are discussed in light of previous investigations using the same questionnaire or focusing on the same population.
Lucid dreams (LDs) and out-of-body experiences (OBEs) are phenomena characterized by the return of higher cognitive abilities during sleep, including reflective self-awareness and abstract thought. Given the similarities in reflective self-awareness between LDs and OBEs, some authors consider them variations of the same phenomenon. This study aimed to compare the differences in content between non-LDs, LDs, and OBEs obtained from 60 participants over a two-month period, with 916 dream reports collected. The dream reports were analyzed using automatic methods based on Lexicons such as NRC Emotion Lexicon and Empath, and were scored based on Hall and Van de Castle's dream content scoring system with variations and additional measures. Results showed that OBE dreams were characterized by higher occurrences of negative emotions compared to both lucid and non-lucid dreams as measured by automatic and manual scoring systems. Also, more OBE dream reports contained words related to agen...
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The present study tested two hypotheses: 1) that lucid dreaming could be effectively taught through an online intervention, and 2) that lucid dreaming can alleviate depression as mediated by LOC. Surveys consisting of (lucid) dream frequency and recall scales (Schredl & Erlacher, 2004; Doll, et al., 2009), Rotter's LOC scale (1966), and the most recent Beck Depression Index (BDI-II) (Beck et al., 1996) were completed by college students. The experimental group was instructed to keep dream diaries throughout the whole study. Two weeks after the preliminary survey they were presented with a lucid dreaming intervention, which instructed them to practice reality checks throughout the day in order to attain lucidity at night. Lucid dreaming frequency was found to be directly correlated with depression (p<0.001). Implications for therapy and suggestions for further research are suggested.
Learning lucid dreaming and its effect on depression in undergraduates
International Journal of Dream Research, 2011
The present study tested two hypotheses: 1) that lucid dreaming could be effectively taught through an online intervention, and 2) that lucid dreaming can alleviate depression as mediated by LOC. Surveys consisting of (lucid) dream frequency and recall scales ), Rotter's LOC scale (1966, and the most recent Beck Depression Index (BDI-II) were completed by college students. The experimental group was instructed to keep dream diaries throughout the whole study. Two weeks after the preliminary survey they were presented with a lucid dreaming intervention, which instructed them to practice reality checks throughout the day in order to attain lucidity at night. Lucid dreaming frequency was found to be directly correlated with depression (p<0.001). Implications for therapy and suggestions for further research are suggested.
Dreaming, Lucid Dreaming and Personality
The term "lucid dream" describes a dream during which the dreamer is aware of being in a dream while the dream is ongoing. Our investigation focused on the frequency of the lucid dream experience and its relationship to mental health, behavioural control (TPF; Becker, 1989), decision behaviour (EQS; Wolfram, 1982), and spatial abilities (3DW; Gittler, 1990). Data analysis of 89 subjects suggested that frequent lucid dreamers (n=27) differ from rare (n=33) and non-lucid dreamers (n=29) by higher scores in the scales of mental health, freedom from complaints, expansivity, autonomy and self-esteem. With regard to behavioural control, decision behaviour and spatial abilities, there were no significant differences between the three lucidity groups.
Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi, 2016
In recent times, there was a prevailing opinion that dreaming is involuntary and unreflective (1). Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that the content of the dream is affected by waking life, mental activities, anxieties, and items attracting the attention of the individual and that there is a dramatization of cognitive formation and the thoughts of the individual in the content of dreams (2). It is contemplated that the difference between dreams and waking cognition is quantitative rather than qualitative and that a certain quantity of self-awareness is reflected in dreams (3). Studies on self-awareness during dreaming exhibit that the factors for triggering intellectual mindfulness during wakefulness regularly emerge in dreams (4). As simple consciousness, mindfulness is described as the individual' s ability to be aware of the events happening around themselves and to name its senses and perceptions; reflective self-awareness is described as the individual' s awareness of the transactional processes of identity structuring (5). If reflective self-awareness develops, it is believed that the memory becomes less occupied and that the individual obtains much cognitive power (6). Self-awareness in dreams, which are evaluated in seven different dimensions from ego-absent dreams to multi-dimensional awareness, is important to provide information about the consciousness state and personal development of the individual (7). Lucid dreams, which are a very special dimension of dreams, are described as the state of being aware of dreaming while having a dream (8). Studies on lucid dreams demonstrate that the dreamers sometimes reach a state of clear self-thinking, and accordingly, remember past events and have the ability to discern and conduct voluntary actions (9,10). Both lucid and non-lucid dreams (normal dreams) are deemed to be two important events that are contradictory to each other in terms of the theories of waking consciousness; they provide information about the nature of conscious experiences and their neural link during dreaming (11). Lee et al. (12) developed the Dream Reflective Awareness Questionnaire (DRAQ), which consists of 19 items pertaining to both lucidity and reflective self-awareness in dreams. The current study aimed to adapt the scale into Turkish and later to consider its validity and reliability for a Turkish sample. With respect to the concepts it contains and the area it measures, it is assumed that a version of the DRAQ, which has a highly authentic Turkish language structure, will contribute to studies on this subject that will be conducted in Turkey.
Lucid dreaming and personality in children/adolescents and adults: The UK library study
International Journal of Dream Research, 2016
Research that has focused on the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and lucid dreaming frequency has been restricted to student samples. The present study included adolescents and adults (N = 1375). i.e., the sample included a large range of ages. Lucid dreaming was more strongly related to openness to experiences compared to previous findings. The small but significant negative correlation between conscientiousness and lucid dreaming should be followed up by studies relating the Big Five personality factors to the contents of lucid dreams.