Russian-Mongolian Relations: Reality, Problems, Prospects(Российско-монгольские отношения: реальность, проблемы, перспективы) (original) (raw)
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МОНГОЛО-РОССИЙСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ (1990-2004 гг.), 2016
Настоящая монография посвящена комплексному исследованию вопросов взаимоотношений Монголии и России на современном этапе (1990-2004 гг.). Автором проанализирован процесс становления новой политической модели и глубокие перемены, которые произошли в общественно-политическом и социально-экономическом строе и в Монголии и России и их влияние на весь спектр взаимоотношений наших стран. Описаны научно-технические и культурные контакты между Монголией и Россией. В монографии рассмотрены монголо-российские экономические связи в условиях перехода к рыночной экономике, показаны основные источники капиталовложений для экономики Монголии и конкретизирована роль инвестиций России в процессе восстановления двусторонних отношений. Определен потенциал двустороннего приграничного сотрудничества. В работе выявлены позиции и места Монголии в процессе становления нового международного порядка и процессы многостороннего сотрудничества для дальнейшего развития, а также раскрыта проблема геополитических интересов России в Монголии. Монография ориентирована на широкий круг лиц, занятых в сферах Монголии и России. Она будет использована в образовательной сфере, в деятельности исследовательских организаций научными сотрудниками, аспирантами, соискателями и студентами вузов и работниками органов государственного управления.
Эволюция подходов руководства России и Монголии к двусторонним отношениям
Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, 2010
В статье исследуются вопросы, связанные с причинами и характером изменений в подходах российского и монгольского руководства к двусторонним отношениям. Выявляется роль экзогенных и эндогенных факторов в этом процессе. Определяются сильные и слабые стороны российской стратегии в отношении Монголии.
Current Russia-Mongolia relationship: models and scenarios
The book is for description of Russia-Mongolia relationship’s development possible options. The core of researching is in the study of all models and scenarios of the two countries. In the post-socialist period, Russia and Mongolia abandoned allied relationship model. It forced them to find a new model. At the moment, there are three typological models, which can potentially become the basis of bilateral relations – confrontational, allied and cooperation. Moreover, within the framework of each models are several scenarios. The book is addressed to specialists and a wide range of readers – the Orientalists, historians, political scientists, sociologists, and anyone interested in contemporary international relations studies.
Сост. и отв. ред.: И.В. Кульганек, Т.И. Юсупова. – СПб.: ООО ИД «Петрополис», , 2021
The publication of this collective monograph is timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of Soviet-Mongolian diplomatic relations and the creation of the Scientific Committee, the first academic institution in Mongolia. The articles included in the volume are based on a wide range of sources many of which are used for the first time; their authors analyze the prerequisites for close bilateral contacts between Russia and Mongolia, the birth of the Mongolian statehood in the period between the two revolutions (of 1911 and 1921) and the Soviet-Mongolian negotiations in Moscow in 1921. The articles also discuss the evolution of Russian-Mongolian scientific contacts, their variety, peculiar features and the persons who largely contributed to the process, as well as modern interpretations of some issues related to the history, jurisprudence, historiography and literature of Mongolia. The book is intended for scholars and a wide circle of readers who take interest in the history of Mongolia
Обсуждается восприятие Русско-Монгольского соглашения 1912 г. в разных странах мира. Данное соглашение, при выработке и подписании которого Россия исходила, в первую очередь, из собственных интересов, в то же время объективно поддерживало право монгольского народа на самоопределение в период коллапса маньчжурской империи Цин. Данное соглашение вызвало резко негативную реакцию политических и общественных кругов Китайской республики и в целом сдержанную реакцию держав Запада и Японии. Претензии Китайской республики на всю территорию бывшей империи Цин, в том числе на Монголию, были основаны на традиционной китайской мироустроительной концепции, которую в силу международной политической конъюнктуры и исторических причин разделяли державы, считавшие Китайскую республику преемницей всей империи Цин. Только Российская империя оказалась тем государством, которое смогло обеспечить автономию (фактическую независимость) Внешней Монголии и ее государствостроительство. Позиции остальных держав в тот период согласовались с их отношениями лишь между собой, а также с Китаем; ни одна из них не поддержала Монголию. Рассматриваемый документ был первым в новой истории международным соглашением объявившей независимость Монголии, признавшим ее государственность и положившим начало дипломатическим отношениям Монголии с Россией. Русско-Монгольское соглашение 1912 г. и принятая с его учетом Русско-Китайская декларация 1913 г. в определенной мере послужили образцом для нескольких других международных актов:
The dynamics of Mongolia's international legal status is discussed in connection with the conclusion of the 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement. Previously, Mongolia had never been a part of China, and during the existence of the Qing Empire she represented scattered possessions, mostly in vassalage to the emperors of the Manchu dynasty Aisin Gyoro. The proclamation of Mongolia's independence of 1911 was a legitimate act, while the inclusion of Mongolia into the Republic of China was illegitimate. By the time of conclusion of the 1912 Agreement, despite all differences in approaches of the Russian side and the Mongolian side, their main interests converged in the need for Mongolia's self-dependence: Mongolia should not have been colonized by the Chinese and never sinicized, the independence and self-government proclaimed by Mongolia should have been preserved in any form based on the development of relations between Mongolia and Russia. The 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement was the result of mutual compromises between Russian and Mongolian sides during negotiations. In terms of content, method of elaboration and conclusion, it was a document on the recognition of an independent state, which the Mongols legitimately considered it to be. By signing this Agreement, Russia recognized the international legal capacity and legal personality of the Mongolian state. The Russo-Chinese Declaration of 1913 and the tripartite Chinese-Russian-Mongolian Kyakhta Agreement of 1915, which replaced the Agreement of 1912, incorporated a number of provisions of the latter. The 1915 Agreement also recognized the statehood of Mongolia and her autonomy under the formal suzerainty of China. As a result of China's illegitimate abolition of the autonomy of Outer Mongolia in 1919, Mongolia acquired the status of an occupied state. Baron R. F. Ungern-Sternberg in 1921 liberated Outer Mongolia from occupation and restored its independence. This status was maintained by the Mongolian People's Republic until 1946, after which her independence was widely recognized internationally. But the basis for the status of modern Mongolia as an independent state was laid by the 1912 Russo-Mongolian Agreement sanctioned by the monarchs of Russia and Mongolia.
The article examines the images of Russia and the Russians existing in the national consciousness of the contemporary Mongolians. The transition from the image of the USSR as an older brother to the modern models of interpretation of our country. Popular image of the older brother in the socialist period in the Mongolian People's Republic is losing its relevance, along with the passing of the «Soviet» Mongols generation who were educated in USSR or in Soviet educational institutions in Mongolia. Nevertheless, the conditions that form the positive image of Russia are: proverbs and sayings related to the theme of brotherhood, the people's memory, the activities of Russian official organizations (the Russian Embassy in Mongolia, the Russian Center for Science and Culture in Ulaanbaatar). As well as, the objective geographical location of Mongolia, bordering in the north with the Russian Federation and in the south with the PRC affects the positive image of Russia. In the widespread Sinophobic conditions in Mongolia, Russia acts as a neutral (more profitable) partner, a reliable defender against potential Chinese aggression. The modern images of Russia and the factors influencing their formation are analyzed as follows. First, the image of Russia as a northern neighbor (a positive-neutral assessment) is considered as a strategic partner. Secondly, the image of Russia as an aggressor country (negative assessment) was formed due to Internet and nationalist discourses. In conclusion, the conditions that will influence Mongolia's choice of the actual image of Russia and the Russians, is outlined.
This monograph is a study in the interaction between Russian, but mostly Soviet, medicine and the Mongolian peoples of Inner and Central Asia. It is based on a rich and diverse collection of archival documents from both regional and central Russian archives, such as the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia in Ulan-Ude, State Archive of the Russian Federation, and Russian State Archive of Social and Political History in Moscow. In studying the intricate relationships between medicine and politics in the context of the Bolshevik attempts to expand their ideology and influence to East and Inner Asia, thus counterbalancing the Chinese and, especially, the Japanese threat, this book bridges medicine and geopolitics, viewing medicine as a Soviet "soft power" tool in Mongolia, Tuva, and Xinjiang. For the first time in historiography, Vsevolod Bashkuev considers Soviet medicine as a channel through which Bolshevik ideology penetrated the traditional nomadic Mongolian and Turkic-speaking societies. The hypothesis of the author is that medicine, as a craft dealing with the most intimate aspects of human life and death, was an ideal milieu through which the Soviets created positive images of themselves and a strong belief in the superiority of socialism over other social forms. Hence, the Soviet medics created in the Mongolian world an ideological space quickly filled by the Bolshevik ideology, in such a way contributing to the turning of Mongolia and Tuva into Soviet satellites. The example of Xinjiang is used to show how versatile the political use of medicine was depending on the geopolitical situation and the short-term goals of the Kremlin. The book is richly illustrated by the examples of how the Soviet physicians viewed the traditional nomadic societies taken from various kinds of archival documents, from reports to the Soviet medical authorities in Moscow to personal diaries and essays written by practicing physicians in Mongolia, Tuva, and Xinjiang. It also features some historical maps and photographs. This book opens a broad and largely understudied research field and is the first in a series of studies in the political and social history of medicine in the Mongolian world planned by the author in the future.