Electrochemical nitric oxide sensors for physiological measurements (original) (raw)
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The Utility of the Nitric Oxide Electrochemical Sensor in Biomedical Research
Sensors, 2003
In recent years World Precision Instruments Inc. (WPI) produced for commercial use a selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of the important biological free radical nitric oxide (NO). Though many kinds of NO sensors are now commercially available WPI offers a range of sensors of variable size and applicability for the detection of NO in vivo and in in vitro biomedical samples. This article overviews the working characteristics of the sensors and their utility for biomedical research.
Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensors: Principles of Design and Characterization
Chemical Reviews, 2019
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule of vast physiological significance, but much remains unknown about the in vivo concentration dependence of its activity, its basal level concentrations, and how levels fluctuate in the course of certain disease states. Although electrochemical methods are best suited to real-time, continuous monitoring of NO, sensors must be appropriately modified to ensure adequate selectivity, sensitivity, sensocompatibility, and biocompatibility in challenging biological environments. Herein, we provide a critical overview of recent advances in the field of electrochemical NO sensors designed to operate in physiological milieu. Unique to this review, we have opted to highlight research efforts undertaking meticulous characterization of the sensor's analytical performance. Furthermore, we compile basic recommendations to inform future electrochemical NO sensor development and facilitate cross-comparison of proposed sensor designs. CONTENTS U References U
Modified electrode approaches for nitric oxide sensing
Talanta, 2003
Three different methods for the determination of nitric oxide (NO) in solution are described. These are based, respectively, on the use of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biosensor or on electrodes modified with films of redoxactive transition metal complexes. In the case of the biosensor the enzyme was electrochemically immobilized onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The activity of HRP is inhibited in presence of NO. Thus, the decrease in activity is correlated to the concentration of NO present in solution. The biosensor responds linearly over the range of 2.7)/ 10 (6 Á/1.1)/10 (5 M NO with a detection limit (5% inhibition) of 2.0)/10 (6 M. In the case of chemically modified electrodes, particular emphasis is placed on materials capable of catalyzing the oxidation of NO. In terms of electrocatalyst, the discussion will centre on electrodeposited films of 6,17-diferrocenyldibenzo[b ,i ]5,9,14,18-tetraaza[14]annulen]-nickel(II) and indium(III) hexacyanoferrate(III). The resulting sensors exhibited potent and persistent electroacatalytic activity towards the oxidation of NO with low detection limits (1 mM) and good linear relationship between the catalytic current and NO concentrations. In addition, interference due to the presence of nitrate and nitrite have been significantly reduced. According to these results, the described modified electrodes have been used as sensors for the determination of NO generated by decomposition of a typical NO-donor, such as S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,Lpenicillamine (SNAP). A critical comparison of the various methodologies employed is made.
Novel insights into the electrochemical detection of nitric oxide in biological systems
Folia Biologica
In recent years, microsensor technologies have made a rapid expansion into different fields of physical sciences, engineering, and biomedicine. For analyses of various biomolecules, novel sensors and detection platforms in the electrochemical field have been reported recently. The most important applications based on microelectromechanical systems dramatically reduce the need of manipulation steps with samples, while improving data quality and quantitative capabilities. This is also the case of a special class of electrochemical sensors that allow direct, real-time and non-invasive measurements of nitric oxide, whose determination is crucial for the purposes of basic research, as well as of preclinical and clinical studies. Therefore, this minireview will focus on the description of recent discoveries in the electrochemical determination of nitric oxide, released in different in vitro systems.
Application of a Nitric Oxide Sensor in Biomedicine
Biosensors, 2014
In the present study, we describe the biochemical properties and effects of nitric oxide (NO) in intact and dysfunctional arterial and venous endothelium. Application of the NO electrochemical sensor in vivo and in vitro in erythrocytes of healthy subjects and patients with vascular disease are reviewed. The electrochemical NO sensor device applied to human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the description of others NO types of sensors are also mentioned.
Evaluation of basic performance and applicability of a newly developed in vivo nitric oxide sensor
Physiological Measurement, 2002
Direct measurement of nitric oxide (NO) is of great importance and value for both in vitro and in vivo studies on dynamic NO bioactivity. Here, we evaluated the basic performance of a newly developed NO sensor (Innovative Instruments, Inc.). Unlike other NO sensors, the new NO sensor has a highly durable, gas-permeable coating and is affected much less by electrical interference due to its integrated structure where working and reference electrodes are combined in a single element. Calibration with NO gas showed high sensitivity of about 580 pA per nmol-NO l −1 (the detection limit 0.08 nmol-NO l −1 , S/N = 3). This sensor also showed high selectivity (25 000 times and more) to NO, compared with NO-related reagents such as L-arginine, N G -monomethyl-L-arginine, acetylcholine, nitroglycerin (NTG) and tetrahydrobiopterin as well as dissolved oxygen. As an in vivo application, the sensor was located in the anaesthetized rat abdominal aorta to measure NTG-derived plasma NO. Intra-aortic infusion of 0.5 mg NTG caused a measurable increase in plasma NO level (2.0 ± 2.2 nmol l −1 , mean ±SD, n = 3). In conclusion, the new NO sensor demonstrated a satisfying performance for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
Electroanalysis, 2021
The real‐time, continuous monitoring of glucose/lactate, blood gases and electrolytes by implantable electrochemical sensors holds significant value for critically ill and diabetic patients. However, the wide‐spread use of such devices has been seriously hampered by implant‐initiated host responses (e. g., thrombus formation, inflammatory responses and bacterial infection) when sensors are implanted in blood or tissue. As a result, the accuracy and usable lifetime of in vivo sensors are often compromised. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gas molecule able to inhibit platelet adhesion/activation, inflammatory responses and bacterial growth. As such, the release of NO from the surfaces of in vivo sensors is a promising strategy for enhancement of their biocompatibility and analytical performance. In this review, the physiological functions of NO to improve the biocompatibility of implantable electrochemical sensors are introduced, followed by a brief analysis of chemical approaches ...
Electrode Materials for Nitric Oxide Detection
Nitric Oxide, 2000
Nitric oxide oxidation signals were compared for uniform test electrodes of platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, graphite, and a nickel-porphyrin on graphite in deaerated phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.0) at 35°C. All tested materials detected NO • amperometrically. Current densities (A/M/cm 2 ؎ S.D.) were Ir (0.021 ؎ 0.002), Rh (0.088 ؎ 0.012), graphite (0.117 ؎ 0.018), Pd (0.118 ؎ 0.033), Au (0.149 ؎ 0.039), Pt (0.237 ؎ 0.117), Ni (II)-tetra(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin on graphite (0.239 ؎ 0.009), and Ru (0.680 ؎ 0.058)
Selective and Sensocompatible Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensor with a Bilaminar Design
ACS Sensors, 2019
Macrophages mediate mammalian inflammation in part by the release of the gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). Electrochemical methods represent the best means of direct, continuous measurement of NO, but monitoring continuous release from immunostimulated macrophages remains analytically challenging. Long release durations necessitate consistent sensor performance (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity for NO) in proteinaceous media. Herein, we describe the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor modified by an electropolymerized 5amino-1-naphthol (poly(5A1N)) film in conjunction with a fluorinated xerogel topcoat. The unique combination of these membranes ensures selective detection of NO that is maintained over extended periods of use (>24 h) in biological media without performance deterioration. The hydrophobic xerogel topcoat protects the underlying NO-selective poly(5A1N) film from hydration-induced desorption. The bilaminar sensor is then readily adapted for measurement of the temporal NO-release profiles from immunostimulated macrophages.
Highly sensitive voltammetric biosensor for nitric oxide based on its high affinity with hemoglobin
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2004
Although heme protein-based, amperometric nitric oxide (NO) biosensors have been well documented in previous studies, most have been conducted in anaerobic conditions. Herein we report a novel hemoglobin-based NO biosensor that is not only very sensitive but also usable in air. The heme protein was entrapped in a sodium montmorillonite film, which was immobilized at a pyrolytic graphite electrode surface. Film-entrapped hemoglobin can directly exchange electrons with the electrode, and this process has proven to favor the catalytic reduction of oxygen. In addition, NO induced a cathodic potential shift of the catalytic reduction peak of oxygen. This potential shift was proportional to the logarithm of NO concentration ranging from 4.0 × 10 −11 to 5.0 × 10 −6 mol/L. The detection limit has been estimated to be 20 pM, approximately four orders lower than previously reported amperometric detectors.