Relative Costs and Benefits of Work and Children to Professional and Non-Professional Women (original) (raw)
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Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1978
The perceived satisfactions and costs of parenthood and employment were examined and categorized for 123 professional and nonprofessional married women aged 28 to 39 who were employed full-time. High perceived role conflict between parenting and employment was associated with both lower parity and professional status. Women with large families more highly valued the companionship aspects of children and liked children more than did other women. Nonprofessionals were more concerned about extrinsic characteristics of the job (e.g., money), while professionals were more concerned about intrinsic factors (e.g., mental stimulation) and were more likely to see children as interfering with employment.
Perceived satisfactions and costs of motherhood and employment among married women
Journal of Population Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Issues, 1979
A county-representative sample of married women aged 18 to 49 were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the satisfactions and costs of parenthood and employment. As predicted, perceptions of role conflict were differentially associated with parity, employment status, and future parenthood aspirations. Women particularly concerned about the effects of children on interference with career tended to have no children orto desire no more children although they were not likely to have small families (i.e., one or two children). Also, the more women perceived the negative effects on children as an important aspect of employment, the less likely they were to currently be employed.
Motherhood and Work Experience of Women with Established Careers
Trends in Psychology, 2019
We aimed to investigate the experience of primiparous mothers with established careers in relation to motherhood and their work, from pregnancy to the end of maternity leave. Three public employees participated, answering interviews. Qualitative content analysis showed that the experiences of participants were similar in several aspects. Repercussions of work in the experience of motherhood were identifi ed from pregnancy, considering concerns regarding changes and reconciliation of maternal and professional demands. Feelings of insecurity and ambivalence were also present when babies entered daycare center and women returned to work. Since the pregnancy, changes aiming at managing the demands of work and motherhood were identifi ed. Family, social and organizational support received by the participants contributed to this management. Nevertheless, a sense of overload by the accumulation of activities after the baby’s entrance in daycare center and the mother’s return to work were evidenced, which corroborates literature on the subject.
Stabilizing Between Work And Family: Professional Mothers’ Struggle To Achieve Success
Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 2020
Paid work and family life adjustment has attracted attention of researchers for quite a long time. The gender division of labour has been changed in many societies due to social, political and economic factors. The aim of this study was to explore the level of satisfaction and strategy patterns of professional mothers in socialization of their children. The study has used quantitative and qualitative data collection tools. Sixty professional mothers were interviewed from various professions using purposive sampling method. 78% of respondents said that they are satisfied with their children’s education and personality development. It is recommended that government should provide day-care facilities at workplace for women workers so that they can focus on their work effectively.
WORKING MOTHERS, THEIR CONTRIBUTION & IMPACT ON THE DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL FAMILY
Since the early part of the 1960's, the American family has undergone drastic changes in the ensuing four decades. In a little more than a decade, the divorce rate doubled, as did the number of working mothers. The number of single-parent households tripled. Non-married couples, cohabitation, virtually quadrupled in number in this time frame and birth rates showed a huge decline by one half. On key force driving change has been the exponential growth of women in the workplace, many as working mothers. Causes are many: the rapidly rising cost of living; greater control of family planning which allows women flexibility in coordinating motherhood with career; overall societal emphasis on self-fulfillment; and of course, just the economic necessity of gaining survival income for the burgeoning number of divorced mothers who must work. Reduction of the negative connotation imputed to divorce and the rise of feminism challenges the previously held notions of women's place in the home, motherhood, and fulfillment for today's woman. In this research paper, I intend to discuss various aspects of this social phenomenon, many of which I believe to be negative, that supports the theory that full-time working mothers may be aversely affecting family structure, function, and the balanced, behavioral growth of her children. In short, it is my contention that this massive social change of working mothers is a major underlying factor contributing to the decline in the "American family structure".
Life experiences of working and stay-at-home mothers
The psychology of …, 2004
Three domains relevant to working and stay-at-home mothers are discussed: people's perceptions and stereotypes, real-life experiences, and sequencing models women choose when navigating the paths of career and family. The section on perceptions and stereotypes of working and stay-at-home mothers summarizes how mothers and fathers are viewed according to traditional gender role stereotypes and how individuals respond to violations of these gender roles. The second section addresses mothers' experiences of work-family conflict, psychological distress, and work-place discrimination with special attention to the literature, albeit sparse, addressing ethnic differences in work-family conflict. The final section describes the advantages and disadvantages of seven models that illustrate women's timing of marriage, motherhood, and career. Despite our movement forward in equality for women, working mothers are perceived negatively by society and there still are negative perceptions of mothers as compared to fathers.
The changing work role of women has caused much concern about the survival of the family; most women can mix work with marriage and motherhood and handle or better share the resulting household responsibilities SAR A. LEVITAN AND RICHARD S. BELOUS American families seem to be besieged from all sides. Divorce rates are climbing ; marriage is being postponed, if not rejected ; fertility rates are falling; increasing numbers of children are being raised only by their mothers, either because of divorce or because their parents were never married; and wives and mothers in record numbers are rushing out of the home into the labor market . What is the effect of these occurrences on the institution of the family? Does the "economic independence" of working women influence their decisions to either begin or end a marriage or to rear children? Too frequently, the changing work patterns of women are confused with causing the deterioration of family life . Careful analysis of family-related data show that although American families are changing, they are not eroding.
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 2019
Women"s role in the community and at home have been changing rapidly. Traditionally, men and women had well-defined roles without much overlapping or trespassing-mostly women were confined to home-their primary was "mother" and "care-taker". But, women"s rights, education, and gender equality has changed the scenario. Pursuance of quality life, better living standard, cost of living has compelled women to become economic contributors of the home. However, not much significant changes have been observed in gender roles. The question is whether women are satisfied about their role as mother or caretaker. The objective of the study is to explore the difference in the perceived satisfaction in fulfilling the role as a mother and satisfaction in life between working mothers and non-working mothers. Results indicated significant differences between working and nonworking mothers. Nonworking mothers were comparatively more satisfied being able to fulfil their motherly role. Within the working mothers, type of occupation significantly affects their satisfaction outcomes. However, marital status had no impact on the satisfaction outcomes.
Parenthood and productivity: A study of demands, resources and family-friendly firms
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2008
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