Cadmium-induced cancers in animals and in humans (original) (raw)

Cadmium Toxicity in Nature Generates the Cancerous Problems

Pollution Research

A naturally occurring metal, cadmium is noticed in tiny amounts in a variety of sources such as food, water, soil, and the atmosphere. Cadmium may be edified in all soils and rocks, including coal and mineral fertilizers. In general, non-smoker people are getting affected by food contamination. The main theme of this paper is cancer activity by cadmium pollution of our environment. Foods are getting contaminated by industrial wastes. Wastes have Cd2+ ions which can bind with plant materials and also bind with animal muscles. On the other hand, the smoker people take the cadmium by smoking tobacco. The cadmium can easily bind up with the organs like the lung, prostate, breast, bone, etc. When industrial wastes are thrown into rivers, ponds, or open spaces, particularly in South Asian nations, the water becomes poisoned and the soil becomes deteriorated; as a result, the environment becomes more hazardous. In consequence, people can be oppressed by significant sicknesses that occurred...

Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis☆

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2009

Study was amid to detect sometrace elements in human tumor tissue, Manganese, cobalt, cadmium and Zink was measured in cancer and benign tissue using atomic absorption , result show that cancer tissue have higher concentration of cobalt and Zink than benign tissue, it were 156.7±6.5 and 205.79 µg\g respectively.femaleshad higher concentrations than males in

Biological Effects of Human Exposure to Environmental Cadmium

Biomolecules

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for the human organism and for all ecosystems. Cd is naturally found at low levels; however, higher amounts of Cd in the environment result from human activities as it spreads into the air and water in the form of micropollutants as a consequence of industrial processes, pollution, waste incineration, and electronic waste recycling. The human body has a limited ability to respond to Cd exposure since the metal does not undergo metabolic degradation into less toxic species and is only poorly excreted. The extremely long biological half-life of Cd essentially makes it a cumulative toxin; chronic exposure causes harmful effects from the metal stored in the organs. The present paper considers exposure and potential health concerns due to environmental cadmium. Exposure to Cd compounds is primarily associated with an elevated risk of lung, kidney, prostate, and pancreatic cancer. Cd has also been linked to cancers of the breast, urinary system, and bladder. ...

A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM TOXICITY: FROM CELLULAR TO ORGAN LEVEL

Cadmium is a heavy metal classified as a group one carcinogen by IARC (1993) affecting multiple systems in humans and animals. Exposure to cadmium occurs primarily through ingestion of contaminated water, food and to a significant extent through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium poisoning came into prominence with the infamous itai-itai disease of the 1960s in Japan after ingestion of cadmium-contaminated rice. Cadmium has a long biological halflife (20 yrs) and primarily affects the kidneys, liver and intestine, while a prolonged exposure has proven to be carcinogenic to liver, kidney, lung, prostate, hematopoietic and other systems. In this regard, cadmium has been classified as a carcinogen. Studies at the cellular level under in vitro conditions have shown that cadmium exhibits multifarious actions which are yet to be comprehensively explained or united by any particular mechanism. Generally it forces the expression of the stress proteins and depending on factors such as amount of exposure, time of exposure, the cell line and presence of other chemical species, the outcome could be apoptosis, growth inhibition, proliferation or carcinogenicity in animal cells. The mechanisms leading to cadmium carcinogenesis are primarily those involving oxidative stress, inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms and augmenting or diminishing the tendency to apoptosis.

Cancer mortality of cadmium workers

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1985

Several epidemiological studies of workers exposed to cadmium indicate an increased risk of lung and prostatic cancer. The increase is statistically significant in some of the studies but the SMR is greater than 100 in almost all. A cohort study of the mortality among 522 Swedish workers exposed to cadmium for at least one year in a nickel-cadmium battery plant support the earlier findings. The SMR for lung and prostatic cancer increased with increasing dose and latency but did not obtain statistical significance. A combination of all the available data from the most recent follow up of causes of death among cadmium workers in six different cohorts shows 28 cases of prostatic cancer (SMR = 162) and 195 cases of lung cancer (SMR = 121). This new analysis suggests that long term, high level exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased risk of cancer. The role of concomitant exposure to nickel needs further study.

A Review on the Effects of Cadmium Toxicity on Living Beings

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Cadmium is a toxic transition heavy metal with perilous effects on the health of animals and humans by indefinite ways. It is one of the asserted carcinogens group given by IARC. There are jillion ways by which cadmium may be prevalent in the environment as the pollutant or may be through contaminated water, food or by smoking. Cadmium poisoning may be seen in the form of itai itai disease. It came in knowledge after its outbreak in Japan in 1960s after the consumption of cadmium-contaminated rice as a food source. The exposure and accumulation of cadmium may lead to numerous forms of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate and nasopharynx, pancreas and kidney cancers. It expresses its effect by formation of stress proteins that depends on the amount of exposure and time of exposure. It had shown effects on the functioning of mitochondria resulting in formation of less energy or ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and more ROS. Other effects are cell apoptosis and inhibit growth, division...

Cadmium Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk

JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2006

Cadmium, a highly persistent heavy metal, has been categorized as a probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Primary exposure sources include food and tobacco smoke. We carried out a population-based case -control study of 246 women, aged 20 -69 years, with breast cancer and 254 agematched con trol subjects. We measured cadmium levels in urine samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and conducted interviews by telephone to obtain information on known breast cancer risk factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confi dence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer by creatinine-adjusted cadmium levels were calculated by multivariable analysis. Statistical tests were two-sided. Women in the highest quartile of creatinine-adjusted cadmium level ( ≥ 0.58 µg/g) had twice the breast cancer risk of those in the lowest quartile (<0.26 µg/g; OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.2) after adjustment for established risk factors, and there was a statistically signifi cant increase in risk with increasing cadmium level ( P trend = .01). Based on this study, the absolute risk difference is 45 (95% CI = 0 to 77) per 100 000 given an overall breast cancer rate of 124 per 100 000. Whether increased cadmium is a causal factor for breast cancer or refl ects the effects of treatment or disease remains to be determined. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98: 869 -73 ]

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis

Toxicology, 2003

Cadmium is a heavy metal, which is widely used in industry, affecting human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In mammals, it exerts multiple toxic effects and has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cadmium affects cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cellular activities. Cd 2+ does not catalyze Fenton-type reactions because it does not accept or donate electrons under physiological conditions, and it is only weakly genotoxic. Hence, indirect mechanisms are implicated in the carcinogenicity of cadmium. In this review multiple mechanisms are discussed, such as modulation of gene expression and signal transduction, interference with enzymes of the cellular antioxidant system and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of DNA repair and DNA methylation, role in apoptosis and disruption of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Cadmium affects both gene transcription and translation. The major mechanisms of gene induction by cadmium known so far are modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways by enhancement of protein phosphorylation and activation of transcription and translation factors. Cadmium interferes with antioxidant defense mechanisms and stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species, which may act as signaling molecules in the induction of gene expression and apoptosis. The inhibition of DNA repair processes by cadmium represents a mechanism by which cadmium enhances the genotoxicity of other agents and may contribute to the tumor initiation by this metal. The disruption of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion by cadmium probably further stimulates the development of tumors. It becomes clear that there exist multiple mechanisms which contribute to the carcinogenicity of cadmium, although the relative weights of these contributions are difficult to estimate.

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a long half-life of about 25–30 years. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational and environmental cadmium exposure may be related to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. It has been also demonstrated that environmental cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to cadmium’s toxic effects. This may be due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect the cell by tightly ...