Dynamics, Bifurcations and Normal Forms in Arrays of Magnetostrictive Energy Harvesters with All-to-All Coupling (original) (raw)
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SPIE Proceedings, 2014
In this report, we report the investigation of energy harvesting with coupled resonators while using magnetostrictive material called Galfenol. Galfenol is an alloy iron with an approximate concentration of iron and gallium as 83 and 17%, respectively. Here, we describe a coupled system of meso-scale (1-to 10-cm) cantilever beams. The coupled system can be used for harvesting vibration energy to power and aid the performance of low-power wireless sensor nodes. The report is organized as follows. First we introduce the model of the transducer with Galfenol as the magnetostrictive material. Here, we discuss the model parameters derived from the experiment and show the simulations of a single beam. This is followed by the design of the power converters that are best suited for this device. Next, we analyze an all-to-all coupled system. Finally, we draw conclusions and describe the future course of the research.
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Hybrid Piezoelectric-Magnetostrictive Energy-Harvesting Systems
Journal of Sensors
To progress the proficiency and broaden the action bandwidth of vibration energy harvesters, this paper presents a cantilever piezoelectric-magnetostrictive bistable hybrid energy harvester with a dynamic magnifier. The hybrid energy-harvesting system comprises two vibration degrees of freedom and two electrical degrees of freedom. It consists of a composite cantilever beam made of three layers, in which the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers are attached to the top and bottom of the base layer. The electromechanically coupled vibration equations of the whole hybrid structure were established with the lumped-parameter model while taking into account the magnetic interaction of two magnets. The nonlinear frequency-response of vibrations for the hybrid harvester is calculated using the harmonic balance method, and the model has been validated by literature. The time response and phase portraits of oscillation for the cantilever harvester and its performance in generating electr...
MATEC Web of Conferences, 2018
Energy harvesting is a very promising technology to provide low levels of power for small autonomous systems, which the applicability encompass a very wide range of areas, that spans from micro/nano sensors in engineering to state of art implants in medicine. The present work deals with the analysis and detailed characterization of a nonlinear bi-stable piezo-magneto-elastic energy harvester driven by a periodic external excitation. The dynamical system is studied in depth through bifurcation diagrams and basins of attraction. The level of chaoticity of the dynamical system is accessed very efficiently via the 0-1 test for chaos, which allows mapping the presence of dense regions of chaos without the help of the Lyapunov exponents.
Vibration energy harvesting by magnetostrictive material
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A new class of vibration energy harvester based on magnetostrictive material (MsM), Metglas 2605SC, is designed, developed and tested. It contains two submodules: an MsM harvesting device and an energy harvesting circuit. Compared to piezoelectric materials, the Metglas 2605SC offers advantages including higher energy conversion efficiency, longer life cycles, lack of depolarization and higher flexibility to survive in strong ambient vibrations. To enhance the energy conversion efficiency and alleviate the need of a bias magnetic field, Metglas ribbons are transversely annealed by a strong magnetic field along their width direction. To analyze the MsM harvesting device a generalized electromechanical circuit model is derived from Hamilton's principle in conjunction with the normal mode superposition method based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The MsM harvesting device is equivalent to an electromechanical gyrator in series with an inductor. In addition, the proposed model can be readily extended to a more practical case of a cantilever beam element with a tip mass. The energy harvesting circuit, which interfaces with a wireless sensor and accumulates the harvested energy into an ultracapacitor, is designed on a printed circuit board (PCB) with plane dimension 25 mm × 35 mm. It mainly consists of a voltage quadrupler, a 3 F ultracapacitor and a smart regulator. The output DC voltage from the PCB can be adjusted within 2.0-5.5 V. In experiments, the maximum output power and power density on the resistor can reach 200 μW and 900 μW cm −3 , respectively, at a low frequency of 58 Hz. For a working prototype under a vibration with resonance frequency of 1.1 kHz and peak acceleration of 8.06 m s −2 (0.82 g), the average power and power density during charging the ultracapacitor can achieve 576 μW and 606 μW cm −3 , respectively, which compete favorably with piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters.
Nonlinear piezomagnetoelastic harvester array for broadband energy harvesting
This article proposes an array of nonlinear piezomagnetoelastic energy harvesters (NPEHs) for scavenging electrical energy from broadband vibrations with low amplitudes (< 2m/s2). The array consists of monostable NPEHs combined to generate useful power output (~100µW) over wide bandwidth. The nonlinearity in each of the NPEHs is induced by the magnetic interaction between an embedded magnet in the tip mass of cantilever and a fixed magnet clamped to the rigid platform. The dynamic responses of two NPEHs; one with attractive configuration and the other with repulsive configuration are combined to achieve a bandwidth of 3.3Hz at power level of 100µW. A parametric study is carried out to obtain the gap distances between the magnets to achieve wide bandwidth. Experiments are performed to validate the proposed idea, the theoretical predictions and to demonstrate the advantage of array of NPEHs over the array of linear piezoelectric energy harvesters (LPEHs). The experiments have clearly shown the advantage of NPEH array over its linear counterpart under both harmonic and random excitations. Approximately 100% increase in the operation bandwidth is achieved by the NPEH array at harmonic excitation level of 2m/s2. The NPEH array exhibits up to 80% improvement in the accumulated energy under random excitation when compared with the LPEH array. Furthermore, the performance of NPEH array with series and parallel connections between the individual harvesters using standard AC/DC interface circuits is also investigated and compared with its linear counterpart.
Experimental tests of a magnetostrictive energy harvesting device toward its modeling
Journal of Applied Physics, 2010
This paper deals with a recently proposed device for energy harvesting from environmental vibrations, employing a magnetostrictive material. Even if most of the modeling efforts were focused on a linear approach, more complex and nontrivial phenomena are experimentally observed. A sample of such nontrivial behaviors, suggesting the definition of potentially more effective models, is described and discussed in this paper.
Influence of Magnetic Repulsion on Vibration Energy Harvesting
Port-Said Engineering Research Journal, 2018
The progress in electronic devices, including the wireless sensors, leads to the great demand on powering these devices which utilize wireless sensor systems. Recent researches focused on nonlinear energy harvesters to overcome the limitations of linearity. Magnets are a common method that used to achieve nonlinearity to the system. In this paper the effect of nonlinear magnetic force on the response of the energy harvester proposed. A model of a cantilever beam with tip magnet opposing a fixed magnet is introduced. The mathematical model predicted the response of the cantilever beam with and without the magnet effect. By changing the gap distance between the magnets, the response of the harvester investigated. Experimental work carried out to validate the results of the mathematical approach. The mathematical model shows a good agreement with experimental model results for different gap values. The results prove that repelling magnetic force leads resonance frequency to a larger value. Tip displacement of cantilever beam changed according to gap distance (d). Without magnet, the cantilever moves freely without magnetic force constraint so maximum displacement reaches about 17 mm. In another hand, maximum tip displacement decreases by decreasing the gap distance as the magnetic force restricts free motion of the beam.
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The impetus of the present study is to examine the effect of nonlinearity on the efficiency enhancement of a capacitive energy harvester. The model consists of a cantilever microbeam underneath which there is an electret layer with a surface voltage, which is responsible for the driving energy. The packaged device is exposed to unwanted harmonic mechanical excitation. The microbeam undergoes mechanical vibration and accordingly the energy is harvested throughout the output circuit. The dynamic formulation accounts for nonlinear curvature, inertia, and nonlinear electrostatic force. The efficiency of the device in the vicinity of the primary and super-harmonic resonances is examined and accordingly the output power is evaluated. Bifurcation analysis is carried out on the dynamics of the system by detecting the bifurcations in the frequency domain and diagnosing their types. One of the challenging issues in the design and analysis of energy harvesting devices is to broaden the bandwid...
On the potential of monostable piezomagnetoelastic energy harvesting from vortex-induced vibrations
The concept of harvesting energy from vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder when including attractive magnetic forces is investigated. The purpose is to design efficient low-speed synchronization regions piezoelectric energy harvesters. Including the attractive magnetic force is beneficial in order to decrease the structural natural frequency of the energy harvester and hence decrease the needed shedding frequency to obtain resonant regions of harvested power. In this study, a lumped-parameter model is utilized which couples the dynamics of the structure and the generated voltage across the electrical load resistance. A modified van der Pol wake oscillator is considered to model the fluctuating lift coefficient. A dipole-dipole interaction is also assumed in order to represent the magnetic force which is acceptable for high spacing distances between the two magnets. The effects of the spacing distance on the buckling configuration of the energy harvester are first studied through a static analysis. Second, a frequency analysis is performed to determine the impacts of the spacing distance on the natural frequency of the harvester in both monostable and bistable regimes. A nonlinear dynamic analysis is then carried out to determine the impacts of the spacing distance and electrical load resistance on the performance of the piezoelectric energy harvester. The performed dynamical analysis in the monostable regime shows that a decrease in the attractive spacing distance results in lower resonant wind speeds which is beneficial for energy harvesting purposes. It is also shown that the electrical load resistance significantly affects the levels of the harvested power.