Self-Reported Lifetime Physical Activity and Areal Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: The Importance of Teenage Activity (original) (raw)
Related papers
Bone, 1997
The association between sports participation during adolescence and peri-and postmenopausai bone mineral density (BMD) was examined among 2025 women aged 48-58 years. Adolescent recreational and competitive sporting activities were registered with a self-administered questionnaire. Altogether, 881 (43.5%) women stated that they had taken part in sports during their adolescence. BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in lumbar vertebrae 2-4 and the left femoral neck. The unadjusted BMD was 2.4% higher (/7 = 0.001) and the adjusted BMD was 1.4% higher in the spine (p = 0.015 after adjusting for age, weight, time from menopause to densitometry, and duration of estrogen replacement therapy) among women who had taken part in sports during their adolescence compared to women who had been inactive. There was no significant difference in femoral neck BMD between these groups. The results of this populationbased study suggest that intense recreational physical activity in adolescence could play some role in preventing axial osteoporosis in later life. (Bone 21:363-367; 1997) © 1997 by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2004
Longitudinal Relationship Between Physical Activity and Lumbar Bone Density in Men and Women aged 18-29 Murphy, Michelle M.1; Evans, Rachel K.1; Nindl, Bradley C. FACSM1; Sheehan, Kathleen M.1; Wade, Charles M. FACSM2; Scoville, Charles R.1 Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36(5):p S290, May 2004. Physical activity is often recommended as a method to improve bone health, yet recent evidence suggests that a threshold may exist at which physical activity becomes deleterious to bone mineralization. Indeed, stress fracture injury is related to high running mileage during military training, and is more prevalent in women. PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between athletic activities (running and high impact sports) and lumbar bone mineral density in physically active, age-matched men and women over a 10-year period. METHODS: 48 male and 59 female West Point cadets participated in this longitudinal study. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess lumbar spine (L2-4) bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone area biannually during college (1989–1993), and 6 years after graduation (1999). Running hrs/week (RH) and hrs/week of impact sports (SP) were averaged over the college years and related to BMD in 1993 for men (BMD = 1.36 ± 0.15) and women (BMD = 1.30 ± 0.12) separately. RH and SP were also averaged over 1993 to 1999 and related to BMD in 1999 (men BMD = 1.31 ± 0.15 and women BMD = 1.31 ± 0.11). The change in fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) from 89–93 and 93–99 were also calculated. Multiple linear regression was used to predict BMD in 1993 and 1999, separately, and the change in BMD from 89–93 and 93–99, using average RH, average SP, ΔFM and ΔLM as independent variables. RESULTS: BMD increased significantly for both men (4.7%) and women (2.8%) during the college years. Six years later women maintained their BMD, whereas male BMD significantly decreased (3.8%). The change in FM and LM was not related to the change in BMD. In men, SP from 89–93 (mean 2.9 hrs/wk, range 0–15.2) was related to BMD in 1993 (R = 0.37, R2 = 0.14, P<0.001), and SP (mean 1.1 hrs/wk, range 0–5.0) from 93–99 was related to BMD in 1999 (R = 0.34, R2 = 0.12, P = 0.02). In women, the change in BMD from 89–93 was negatively related to RH (mean 1.8 hrs/wk, range 0.3–8.8) from 89–93 (R = 0.36, R2 = 0.13, P = 0.005) and was positively related to RH (mean 1.5 hrs/wk, range 0–6.3) from 93–99 (R = 0.47, R2 = 0.22, P<0.001). These relationships were significant for BMC but not for bone area. CONCLUSION: In this study, longitudinal changes in BMD from age 18 to 29 were influenced by impact sport hrs/wk for men and running hrs/wk for women. These changes in BMD appear to be due to mineralization and not to changes in bone area. In college-aged women there was a negative relationship between BMD and running hours, which was not observed in men. This may indicate that gender differences exist in the adaptation of bone to physical activity. ©2004 The American College of Sports Medicine
Osteoporosis International, 2012
Recreational physical activity in 25-year-old women in Sweden increases bone mineral density (BMD) in the trochanter by 5.5% when combining regularity and impact. Jogging and spinning were especially beneficial for hip BMD (6.4-8.5%). Women who enjoyed physical education in school maintained their higher activity level at age 25. Introduction The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of recreational exercise on BMD and describe how exercise patterns change with time in a normal population of young adult women. Methods In a population-based study of 1,061 women, age 25 (±0.2), BMD was measured at total body (TB-BMD), femoral neck (FN-BMD), trochanter (TR-BMD), and spine (LS-BMD). Self-reported physical activity status was assessed by questionnaire. Regularity of exercise was expressed as recreational activity level (RAL) and impact load as peak strain score (PSS). A permutation (COMB-RP) was used to evaluate combined endurance and impacts on bone mass. Results More than half of the women reported exercising on a regular basis and the most common activities were running, strength training, aerobics, and spinning. Seventy percent participated in at least one activity during the year. Women with high RAL or PSS had higher BMD in the hip (2.6-3.5%) and spine (1.5-2.1%), with the greatest differences resulting from PSS (p<0.001-0.02). Combined regularity and impact (high-COMB-RP) conferred the greatest gains in BMD (FN 4.7%, TR 5.5%, LS 3.1%; p<0.001) despite concomitant lower body weight. Jogging and spinning were particularly beneficial for hip BMD (+6.4-8.5%). Women with high-COMB-RP scores enjoyed physical education in school more and maintained higher activity levels throughout compared to those with low scores. Conclusion Self-reported recreational levels of physical activity positively influence BMD in young adult women but to maximize BMD gains, regular, high-impact exercise is required. Enjoyment of exercise contributes to regularity of exercising which has short-and long-term implications for bone health.
Bone, 2001
We examined the association between continuous leisuretime physical activity and the change in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in a populationbased random sample of 1873 peri-and postmenopausal women. Leisure-time physical activities were registered with self-administered questionnaires in 1989 and 1994, and with an assisted questionnaire in 1995-1997. BMD and BMC were measured from lumbar vertebrae L2-4 and left femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 1989 -1991 and 1994 -1997. During the average 5.6 year follow-up, annual loss of lumbar BMC was 124 mg (311 vs. 435 mg, p ؍ 0.036) and annual loss of lumbar BMD was 1.22 mg/cm 2 (4.15 vs. 5.37 mg/cm 2 , p ؍ 0.21) smaller among women with regular (at least 1 h each week) weight-bearing leisure-time exercise compared with sedentary women. The advantage was even larger in women with walking or jogging as their only regular weight-bearing leisure-time exercise; that is, their annual loss of lumbar BMC was 180 mg (272 vs. 452 mg, p ؍ 0.022), and annual loss of lumbar BMD was 2.78 mg/cm 2 (2.96 vs. 5.74 mg/cm 2 , p ؍ 0.029) smaller than in sedentary women. Continuous leisure-time physical activity did not have any association with loss of BMC or BMD in the femoral neck Physical activity during 12 months before the last bone densitometry was not associated with loss of BMC or BMD at any site. Our results suggest that regular weightbearing exercise diminishes lumbar bone loss, but might be ineffective in the prevention of femoral osteoporosis among peri-and early postmenopausal women. (Bone 29:442-446; 2001)
Exercise Early and Often: Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Women's Bone Health
International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018
In 2011 over 1.7 million people were hospitalized because of a fragility fracture, and direct costs associated with osteoporosis treatment exceeded 70 billion dollars in the United States. Failure to reach and maintain optimal peak bone mass during adulthood is a critical factor in determining fragility fracture risk later in life. Physical activity is a widely accessible, low cost, and highly modifiable contributor to bone health. Exercise is especially effective during adolescence, a time period when nearly 50% of peak adult bone mass is gained. Here, we review the evidence linking exercise and physical activity to bone health in women. Bone structure and quality will be discussed, especially in the context of clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis. We review the mechanisms governing bone metabolism in the context of physical activity and exercise. Questions such as, when during life is exercise most effective, and what specific types of exercises improve bone health, are addressed. F...
Osteoporosis International, 2007
Maintenance of positive effects of physical activity on growing bone is unknown. Physical activity was associated with increased BMC and BMD in a 7-year follow-up with 142 adolescent girls. Marked reduction in physical activity had an unfavorable effect on bone measurements, which is an important finding when the prevention of osteoporosis is considered. Introduction Environmental factors influence quality and durability of bone. Physical activity, with high-impact weight bearing activity during puberty in particular, has been shown to have a beneficial effect on growing bone. Only few studies have been published on the maintenance of these effects. Methods At baseline, 142 girls aged 9-15 years participated in the present 7-year follow-up study. Growth and development, physical activity, and intakes of calcium and vitamin-D were recorded at intervals. BMC and BMD measurements were repeated using DXA. Based on the recording of physical activity during the follow-up measurements, the effect of the reduction in physical activity was examined with the bone measurements, and the measurements in the tertiles based on the amount of physical activity during the whole follow-up period were compared. Results Physical activity was positively associated with the development of BMC and BMD during the follow-up. The mean BMC of the lumbar spine increased 1.69 g (3%) (p= 0.021) more among those girls who maintained the physical activity level as compared with those who reduced it during last 4 years. In the femoral neck, the corresponding difference was 0.14 g (4.6%) (p=0.015) between the same two groups of girls. The mean increases in BMC at lumbar spine and femoral neck were more substantial among those girls having the highest physical activity levels during the 7-year follow-up (46.7% and 22.6%) as compared with those having the lowest physical activity levels (43.3% and 17.4%, respectively). Conclusions The findings of the present study show that regular physical activity is valuable in preserving the peak bone mass acquired at puberty in particular. Many of the girls who markedly reduced their activity levels lost bone in their femoral neck prior to their 25th birthday.
Osteoporosis International, 2014
Association between three physical activity (PA) measurements throughout adolescence and bone density at 18 years of age was investigated. PA was associated with both lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in early adulthood independent of type of PA used in the analysis. The results were more consistent in boys. Introduction This study amis to evaluate if PA during adolescence could influence BMD later in life. Methods A population-based birth cohort study was carried out. PA was assessed at 11 and 15 years of age by questionnaire and included sports performed while BMD (lumbar spine and femoral neck) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 18 years. A peak strain score was generated based on ground reaction forces of different PA. PA was measured as peak strain score, peak strain score multiplied by minutes/week and minutes/week. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed using linear regression. Results Overall, 3,811 adolescents were studied (1,866 boys and 1,945 girls). The peak strain score at 11 and 15 years was associated with lumbar and femoral neck BMD at 18 years in boys. Among girls, high-impact PA at 11 years was positively associated with lumbar and femoral BMD (p = 0.01; p<0.001). After adjusted analysis, weekly minutes of PA at 11 years were not associated with lumbar spine but were associated with femoral neck BMD (p<0.001); at 15 years, weekly minutes of PA were positively associated with BMD at both sites. Regardless of PA status at 11 years of age, attaining the recommendations of PA (300 min/week) at 15 years appears to be important for BMD at 18 years in both sites in boys and girls. The results Appeared to be more consistent in boys. Conclusions PA during adolescence was positively associated with both lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in early adulthood independent of type of PA used in the analysis.
Exercise and bone health across the lifespan
Biogerontology, 2017
With ageing, bone tissue undergoes significant compositional, architectural and metabolic alterations potentially leading to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disorder, which is characterised by progressive bone weakening and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Although this metabolic disease is conventionally associated with ageing and menopause, the predisposing factors are thought to be established during childhood and adolescence. In light of this, exercise interventions implemented during maturation are likely to be highly beneficial as part of a long-term strategy to maximise peak bone mass and hence delay the onset of age- or menopause-related osteoporosis. This notion is supported by data on exercise interventions implemented during childhood and adolescence, which confirmed that weight-bearing activity, particularly if undertaken during peripubertal development, is capable of generating a significant osteogenic response leading to bone anabolism. R...
The Effect of Physical Activity on Bone Accrual, Osteoporosis and Fracture Prevention
The Open Bone Journal, 2011
Background: Physical activity has been recommended for the prevention and even treatment of osteoporosis because it potentially can increase bone mass and strength during childhood and adolescence and reduce the risk of falling in older populations. However, few reports have systematically investigated the effect of physical activity on bone in men and women of different ages. Purpose: The goal of this study was to review the literature relating to the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density in men and women of various ages. Method: This review systematically evaluates the evidence for the effect of physical activity on bone mineral density. Cochrane and Medline databases were searched for relevant articles, and the selected articles were evaluated. Results: The review found evidence to support the effectiveness of weight bearing physical activity on bone accrual during childhood and adolescence. The effect of weight bearing physical activity was site-specific. In contrast, the role of physical activity in adulthood is primarily geared toward maintaining bone mineral density. The evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on bone is not as solid as that for younger individuals. Conclusions: The effect of weight bearing physical activity is seen in sites that are exposed to loading. There also seems to be a continuous adaptive response in bone to loading. Additional randomized, controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effect of physical activity in the elderly.