Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Canada (original) (raw)
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Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury
Clinical Epidemiology, 2014
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that impacts a patient's physical, psychological, and social well-being and places substantial financial burden on health care systems. To determine the true impact of SCI, this systematic review aims to summarize literature reporting on either the incidence or prevalence of SCI. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in process, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify relevant literature published through June 2013. We sought studies that provided regional, provincial/state, or national data on the incidence of SCI or reported estimates of disease prevalence. The level of evidence of each study was rated using a scale that evaluated study design, methodology, sampling bias, and precision of estimates. Results: The initial search yielded 5,874 articles, 48 of which met the inclusion criteria. Forty-four studies estimated the incidence of SCI and nine reported the prevalence, with five discussing both. Of the incidence studies, 14 provided figures at a regional, ten at a state or provincial level and 21 at a national level. The prevalence of SCI was highest in the United States of America (906 per million) and lowest in the Rhone-Alpes region, France (250 per million) and Helsinki, Finland (280 per million). With respect to states and provinces in North America, the crude annual incidence of SCI was highest in Alaska (83 per million) and Mississippi (77 per million) and lowest in Alabama (29.4 per million), despite a large percentage of violence injuries (21.2%). Annual incidences were above 50 per million in the Hualien County in Taiwan (56.1 per million), the central Portugal region (58 per million), and Olmsted County in Minnesota (54.8 per million) and were lower than 20 per million in Taipei, Taiwan (14.6 per million), the Rhone-Alpes region in France (12.7 per million), Aragon, Spain (12.1 per million), Southeast Turkey (16.9 per million), and Stockholm, Sweden (19.5 per million). The highest national incidence was 49.1 per million in New Zealand, and the lowest incidences were in Fiji (10.0 per million) and Spain (8.0 per million). The majority of studies showed a high male-to-female ratio and an age of peak incidence of younger than 30 years old. Traffic accidents were typically the most common cause of SCI, followed by falls in the elderly population. Conclusion: This review demonstrates that the incidence, prevalence, and causation of SCI differs between developing and developed countries and suggests that management and preventative strategies need to be tailored to regional trends. The rising aging population in westernized countries also indicates that traumatic SCI secondary to falls may become an increasing public health challenge and that incidence among the elderly may rise with increasing life expectancy.
Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that can lead to significant physical, psychological, and social consequences for affected individuals and their families. SCI is a major public health problem worldwide, with an estimated incidence of 10-83 cases per million population per year, depending on the region and study population. Objective: This study was to determine the epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at the Rajshahi Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. The total sample size was 218. Data on demographic characteristics, cause and level of injury, associated injuries, and neurological status were collected and analyzed. Results: The majority of patients (69.3%) were male and the mean age was 39.8 years. The most common cause of SCI was road traffic accidents (47.7%), followed by falls (25.7%) and violence (15.6%). The cervical spine was the most common level of injury (50.9%), followed by the thoracic spine (37.2%) and lumbar spine (11.9%). Associated injuries were present in 43.1% of patients. The most common neurological status at admission was complete injury (47.7%). The mortality rate was 9.6%. Conclusion: Traumatic SCI is a significant public health problem in Rajshahi, with road traffic accidents being the leading cause. The cervical spine was the most commonly affected level, and associated injuries were present in a significant proportion of patients. The mortality rate was also considerable. These findings highlight the need for the development of effective prevention strategies, improved trauma care, and rehabilitation services for individuals with SCI in the region.
Patterns of Traumatic Spinal Injuries in the Developing World: A Five-Year Longitudinal Review
Asian Spine Journal, 2022
A 5-year longitudinal study documenting and comparing patterns of traumatic spinal injuries (TSIs) observed in developing countries. Overview of Literature: Current knowledge of the patterns and epidemiology of TSI are based on evidence from developed countries and there is a lack of data from developing countries to enable a comparison of information to formulate healthcare policies. Methods: A review of case records of all patients treated at a tertiary level trauma center over a 5-year period (2015-2019) was performed. Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological data were analyzed. Results: The incidence of spinal trauma was 6.2% (2,065/33,072) among all trauma patients. Among these 2,065 patients, the mean age was 43.4±16.3 years and 77.3% (n=1,596) were aged 21-60 years. The major cause of injury was falls (52.1%, n=1,069) and 49.8% were high-energy falls (>10 feet). In patients with TSI due to falls, injuries occurred at the workplace (n=376), home (n=309), trees (n=151), wells (n=77), and electric poles (n=57). Road traffic accidents contributed to 42% (n=862) of TSIs and predominantly affected motorcyclists (52%, n=467). Around half (53.5%, n=1,005) of all patients were in the lower socioeconomic strata. The most common injury level was thoracic region (37.2%, n=769). Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurred in 49% (n=1,011) of patients and 49.7% (n=1,028) had injuries associated with other organs. Conclusions: Our study indicated different demographic patterns and epidemiological features of TSI compared with the Western literature, including a preponderance of young male patients, falls from heights, motorcycle accidents, and a larger percentage of SCI. The high number of falls at workplace indicates a lack of knowledge among the public and policy makers about safety measures.
The epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in british columbia, Canada
Spine, 2012
STUDY DESIGN.: Retrospective observational study utilizing prospectively collected population-based data. OBJECTIVE.: To describe the epidemiology and demographics of all patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) treated at a single institution, which represents the sole referral center and specialized SCI unit for a population of 4 million people. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Although many studies report on the epidemiology of TSCI, studies in which patients are prospectively characterized in the acute setting with precise recording of their baseline neurological impairment are uncommon. METHODS.: Data on all patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center with TSCI between 1995 and 2004 were prospectively collected using a customized, fully relational, locally designed, spine database. RESULTS.: The incidence of TSCI averaged 35.7 per million and did not change substantially during 10 years of data collection. However, the median age of TSCI patients increased from 34.5 to 45...
Spinal cord injury in Manitoba: a provincial epidemiological study
The journal of spinal cord medicine, 2011
To define the epidemiological trends and identify populations at risk of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) for the province of Manitoba, Canada. We reviewed records retrospectively for subjects in three cohorts (1981-1985, 1998-2002, and 2003-2007). A total of 553 individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) were studied for variables such as age, level of injury, severity of injury, First Nations (FN) status, and etiology of injury. Incidence of overall SCi has increased from 22.0 to 46.5 per million (P< 0.001). Incidence of NTSCI increased from 3.12 per million to 16.7 per million (P < 0.001). Incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has increased from the 17.1 per million to 25.6 per million (P<0.001). There was a significant increase in the mean age at injury from 30.23 to 45.768 years of age (P < 0.0001). Female and NTSCI have a higher mean and median age at injury. There was a significant (P = 0.0008) increase in the proportion of females ...
Incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury worldwide: a systematic review
European Spine Journal, 2014
Purpose Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are among the most devastating conditions in developed and developing countries, which can be prevented. The situation of TSCI around the world is not well understood which complicates the preventive policy decision making in fight against TSCI. This study was aimed to gather the available information about incidence of TSCI around the world. Methods A systematic search strategy was designed and run in Medline and EMBASE, along with extensive grey literature search, personal communications, website searching, and reference checking of related papers.
Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Tertiary Hospital
Acta Ortopédica Brasileira
Objective: to outline the profile of risk groups for spinal cord injury (SCI) at the Hospital de Clinicas de Campinas by an epidemiological survey of 41 patients with SCI. Methods: Data from patients with SCI were collected and analyzed: demographic data, level of neurological injury, visual analogue scale (VAS), and the current American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale (AIS), using questionnaires, medical records, and imaging tests. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the relationship between categorical variables, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used for numerical variables, and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the relationship between categorical and numerical variables, with significance level of 5%. Results: There was a prevalence of 82.9% of men, a mean age of 26.5 years, and traffic accidents as the cause of SCI in 56.1% of cases. Conclusion: Results suggest the importance of SCI prevention campaigns directed at this po...
Current synthetic overview on spinal cord injury epidemiological data
Romanian Journal of Medical Practice, 2015
Aim. To have updated information on the epidemiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) is required for developing an adequate and effective related health policy strategies and consequent contextual decisions making regarding this category of patients and also for planning and implementing SCI prevention education and measures. Accordingly, the rationale of this article is to provide a systematic overview of the literature regarding SCI epidemiology. Material and methods. We reviewed epidemiological published reports and searched on internet specifically databases, from different centres, worldwide, about SCI, collecting descriptive data for properly estimating the incidence, prevalence, and/ or causes of SCI. Results. The global annual incidence rate is considered to be 23 cases of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) per million (179,312 new cases per annum – results provided by World Health Organisation’s (WHO) in 2007). Prevalence per million inhabitants varies quite largely among stat...
The global map for traumatic spinal cord injury epidemiology: update 2011, global incidence rate
Spinal Cord, 2013
Study design: Literature review. Objectives: Update the global maps for traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and incorporate methods for extrapolating incidence data. Setting: An initiative of the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Prevention Committee. Methods: A search of Medline/Embase was performed (1959-Jun/30/2011). Enhancement of data-quality 'zones' including individual data-ranking as well as integrating regression techniques to provide a platform for continued regional and global estimates. Results: A global-incident rate (2007) is estimated at 23 TSCI cases per million (179 312 cases per annum). Regional data are available from North America (40 per million), Western Europe (16 per million) and Australia (15 per million). Extrapolated regional data are available for Asia-Central (25 per million), Asia-South (21 per million), Caribbean (19 per million), Latin America, Andean (19 per million), Latin America, Central (24 per million), Latin America-Southern (25 per million), Sub-Saharan Africa-Central (29 per million), Sub-Saharan Africa-East (21 per million). Discussion: It is estimated that globally in 2007, there would have been between 133 and 226 thousand incident cases of TSCI from accidents and violence. The proportion of TSCI from land transport is decreasing/stable in developed but increasing in developing countries due to trends in transport mode (transition to motorised transport), poor infrastructure and regulatory challenges. TSCIs from low falls in the elderly are increasing in developed countries with ageing populations. In some developing countries low falls, resulting in TSCI occur while carrying heavy loads on the head in young people. In developing countries high-falls feature, commonly from trees, balconies, flat roofs and construction sites. TSCI is also due to crush-injuries, diving and violence. Conclusion: The online global maps now inform an extrapolative statistical model, which estimates incidence for areas with insufficient TSCI data. The accuracy of this methodology will be improved through the use of prospective, standardised-data registries.