Breakdown of Water-in-Oil Emulsion on Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (original) (raw)
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Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2003
Bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis is very viscous, highly acidic and does not ignite easily as it contains a substantial amount of structural water. To circumvent these problems pyrolytic bio-oil was emulsified in No. 2 diesel fuel. In the current investigation, very heavy fractions of bio-oil were removed from bio-oil by centrifugation prior to emulsification. Emulsions so produced can be very stable depending on processing conditions. A series of emulsification runs was carried out to determine the relationship between process conditions, emulsion stability and processing costs. Of five process variables examined (temperature, residence time, bio-oil concentration, surfactant concentration and power input per unit volume) only the last three had significant effects on emulsion stability. The tests showed there were optimal operating conditions that produced stable emulsions. The formation of stable emulsions required surfactant concentration ranging from 0.8 to of total, depending on bio-oil concentration and power input. The costs of producing stable emulsions using Hypermers (commercial surfactants) were unacceptably high, ranging from for 10% emulsion to for 30% emulsion. However, when the cost of a newly developed proprietary CANMET surfactant was assumed, they could be reduced to for 10% emulsion, for 20% emulsions and for 30% emulsions, respectively.Fuel properties such as heating values, cetane number, viscosity and corrosivity were characterized. The heating value of centrifuged bio-oil was about one third of that of No. 2 diesel, reducing the heating values of emulsions accordingly. A cetane number of pyrolytic bio-oil was 5.6. Emulsion viscosities, particularly in the 10–20% bio-oil concentration range, are substantially lower than the viscosity of bio-oil itself, making these products very easy to handle. The viscosity of emulsion fuels was best described by Einstein's equation for dilute solid dispersions. The corrosivity of emulsion fuels defined by the weight loss of steel is about half of the bio-oil alone.
Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Quality by Esterification and Azeotropic Water Removal
Energy & Fuels, 2015
Fast pyrolysis bio-oil has unfavorable properties that restrict its use in many applications. Among the main issues are high acidity, instability, and water and oxygen content, which give rise to corrosiveness, polymerization during storage, and a low heating value. Esterification and azeotropic water removal can improve all of these properties. In this work, low acidity biooils were produced from fast pyrolysis bio-oil via esterification with methanol or n-butanol. Esterification conversion was enhanced by azeotropic water removal prior to and/or during esterification. An additional hydrocarbon entrainer (n-heptane or petroleum ether) was required for efficient water removal. The product oils had total acid numbers ranging from 5 to 10 mg KOH/g and pH values from 4.0 to 5.6. The best results were obtained with 1:0.9:0.1 wt ratio of bio-oil, n-butanol, and n-heptane and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as catalyst. Removal of homogeneous catalyst (2 wt % p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA)) was attempted by precipitation, centrifugation, and water washing, but only 41−82 wt % of the catalyst could be recovered from the product oil based on sulfur content. Solid acid catalysts were more efficient with methanol than n-butanol in dry conditions. An organic base (triethylamine) was tested for neutralizing the methanol esterified bio-oil's residual acidity. Nitrogen content increased by 0.1−0.4 wt % when pH values of 6−8 were obtained.
Improving the Quality of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil (Liquid Fuel) using Thermal Distillation Method
Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, 2022
Oil palm biomass generates an abundance via the oil palm industry such as Palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunch (EFB), frond, trunk. Problem Statement: The main issue nowadays is global warming; one of the factors is the increment of CO2 content in the atmosphere. In order to reduce the CO2 content in the atmosphere, biomass is used, as it is a renewable, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative energy source that needs to be adopted in the energy mix. The objective of this study was to improve the quality of bio-oil. Approach: In this research, an empty fruit bunch (EFB) was utilized in a fixed bed reactor, and pyrolysis oil was upgraded via a thermal distillation reactor. The temperature of pyrolysis was 500 °C, and the temperature of thermal distillation was 100 °C. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic and ultimate analysis was utilized to investigate chemical composition. Results: The maximum distilled bio-oil yield was 60- 65 % at 100 °C. The heating value of bio-oi...
Hydrotreatment of pyrolysis bio-oil: A review
Fuel Processing Technology, 2019
Fast pyrolysis converts >60 wt% of lignocellulosic materials into bio-oil. The two-step bio-oil hydrotreatment concept has had a major impact in the development of bio-oil hydro-treatment. In the first step, known as stabilization, the carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups are transformed into alcohols between 373 and 573 K, in the presence of noble metals (Pt, Ru and Pd) supported on carbon and metal oxides. In the second step, between 623 and 673 K, cracking and hydro-deoxygenation occur using Ru, Ni or sulfided CoMo catalysts. Transition metal phosphides and carbides are also active. The first section is devoted to summarizing the current understanding of bio-oil composition. The second section is an overview of bio-oil hydrotreatment processing parameters. Many of the bio-oil hydrotreatment studies in the literature are based on model compound results, which are reviewed in the third section. Section four is devoted to review studies with bio-oil fractions and the nature of polymerization and cross linked reactions responsible for catalyst deactivation. The progress in the development of new catalysts is discussed in section five. The review ends with a discussion on future prospects and challenges to hydrotreat pyrolysis bio-oils.
Upgrading of Pyrolysis Bio-oil: A Review
2019
The increase in the population of the planet and the rapid economic growth and, consequently, the high consumption of energy has created many environmental problems in the globe. Due to these reasons and the lack of renewability of these fossil fuels, there has been a steep trend towards the production of renewable fuels from natural sources, one of which is the production of energy from biomass. In this study, biofuel production from biomass has been investigated using thermochemical methods and precisely "pyrolysis method", a method that reduces the production of oil from millions of years to a few seconds, and is the most industrialized thermochemical method for producing fuel from biomass. This research focuses on thermochemical processes, pyrolysis principles, hydrothermal methods and specifications, chemical composition and applications of biofuels, and the devices and equipment needed for it. This research is the start of research and study on bio-refineries in the ...
Effect Of Temperature And Particle Sizein Biomass Pyrolysis And Properties Of Bio Oil
Research India Publication, 2015
In this work pyrolysis of biomass waste namely kiker seeds, vellikathan seeds and coconut shell were identified and experimented for pyrolysis. The main work is to study the use of pyro oil as fuel in diesel engine experimentally. In the first phase of this project extraction of pyro oil was done from the biomass through pyrolysis. The physical properties of these pyro oils were studied by conducting experiments in the fuels laboratory. The various properties such as viscosity, flash point and density were tabulated. The physical properties such as viscosity of coconut shell, kiker seeds, and vellikathan were found as 42, 39, 37 centistokes respectively. The flash points of these oils were found as 87°C, 107°C and 102°C. The densities of these oils were found as 1098 kg/m 3 , 1224kg/m 3 and 1232kg/m 3 respectively. It may be noted that pyro oil yield increased with the increase in particle size up to 450µm, further increase in particle size decreased the pyro oil yield.The effect of temperature on bio oil yield, the results showed that the increase in temperature of the pyrolysis process above 550°C should be reducing the amount of yielding quality of the fuel.
Energy Technology
Bio-crude pyrolysis oil is obtained by a process called fastpyrolysis, in which almost any organic-based feedstock is thermally processed at moderate temperatures, in the range of 400-600 °C, in the absence of oxygen at short residence times. After condensing the vapors in a cooling tray, a dark-brown bio-liquid is obtained. The quality of the so-obtained fast pyrolysis oil has some barriers for its direct use as transportation fuel. Low-caloric value, high viscosity and corrosion are the major obstacles for its implementation in conventional engines. There have been sustained efforts to improve the quality of the oil. In this communication we are reporting a concept on improving the acidic properties, by means of a combined catalyzed and adsorption approach. We found that fast pyrolysis oil can be upgraded through alcoholysis using bio-based alcohols, n-BuOH and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, that are biomass derived bulk chemicals. The reaction is acid catalysed, whereas water is continuously separated from the condensate mixture by a molecular sieve adsorption. Under optimal conditions, the ultimate acidity and water content of the upgraded product are marginal.
Application of Physico-technological Principles in Demulsification of Water-in-crude Oil System
Application of Physico-technological Principles in Demulsification of Water-in-crude Oil System, 2013
The presence of water-in-oil emulsion in petroleum industry presents serious pipeline challenges and flow problems such as corrosion, scaling and plugging of in-field flow lines plugging. These problems are attributed to the presence of asphaltene and resinous compounds in the crude oil. Application of a suitable approach for the treatment of crude oil emulsion remains a major concern in the petroleum industry. This paper discusses the use of light gasoline as diluents to reduce the viscosity of a 17° API heavy crude oil emulsion. Several demulsification bottle tests were carried out. Addition of up to 25ml of gasoline led to an increase in API gravity of the crude oil from 17 to 24, indicating improved crude quality. The results also show increased water separation in response to corresponding increase in gasoline blending ratios which was most effective at gasoline blends between 5ml and 10ml. The crude oil and gasoline blend samples dosed with 2ppm of demulsifier chemical, NALCO ...
Review on the Fundamental Aspects of Petroleum Oil Emulsions and Techniques of Demulsification
Journal of Petroleum & Environmental Biotechnology, 2015
This review is aimed to introduce a comprehensive survey on the most prominent and sustainable techniques and methods that could abate the environmental worries as well as financial insecurities in treating petroleum emulsions, since the existence of water is not desired because of the paramount troubles it may cause on the processing streamlines, as well as financial cost associated with transporting water mixed with petroleum. Currently, the most commonly used method for treating petroleum emulsion is the application of chemical additives, known as demulsifiers. Althogh, there are many other methods that are claimed to be more favorable from economic and environmental perspectives, yet, have not being fully put into real life practice, because of the drawbacks and disadvantages. In this review, several techniques have been surveyed including, chemical, electrical, membrane, centrifuge, bacteria, air floatation, ultrasonic, and microwave. Based on this Theoretical survey, silcone based demulsifiers were reported to be very effective and environmental friendly, but expensive. Also microwave and ultrasonics were reported to be very effective in treating petroleum emulsion and could be recommended as future ulternatives for treating petroleum emulsions.
Preparation of a crude oil demulsifier from industrial wastes
PROCEEDING OF THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICARPAS2021): Third Annual Conference of Al-Muthanna University/College of Science
Demulsifiers are very important additives in the oil industry due to their crucial role in solving the waterinoil emulsions problem. Inventing new demulsifiers have gained a lot of researchers' attention; factors like efficiency, versatility, cost and safety were taken into consideration when preparing new demulsifiers.Recycling industrial waste materials has many great benefits economically and environmentally and in this research methyl methacrylate has been prepared from the depolymerization of Plexiglas wastes, Plexiglas is the trade name for poly methyl methacrylate sheets. The (DM) which refers to depolymerized methyl methacrylate was purified and tested by using many methods such as boiling point, infrared spectroscopy; refractive index and gas chromatography GC to determine its purity. Then the depolymerized methyl methacrylate was used in an oil demulsifier mixture in treating water in oil emulsions in crude oil and HFO which refers to heavy fuel oil. The crude oil samples were taken from Al-Hilla 2 power plant while the HFO samples were taken from the South Baghdad 2 power plant. In this research, the spectr oil test had been used after treating the crude oil to determine the demulsification process by measuring the Na and K salts concentration.The purity of the DM was 96.4% according to the GC test. The spectroil results showed that when the DM was used in a demulsifier mixture with water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubilities like acrylic acid and butyl acrylate the best demulsification results were obtained (when using 30% wash water) for both crude oil and heavy fuel oil (HFO) with a demulsifier concentration ranging from (200-300) ppm.