Case study to approaches to finding patterns in citation networks (original) (raw)
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A hybrid model for the patent citation network structure
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2019
Percolation theory on the patent citation network is studied and the percolation threshold points are identified. The results show that there is a significant change of the threshold throughout our dataset years, implying changes in the formation process of the patent citation network. There is a first shift at around 2001, and a very delayed transition point after 2008. Giant component formation in such networks is an indication of the existence of inter-disciplinary patents. In order to explain the changes observed, a hybrid model for creating networks is suggested here. The model is based on a combination of random networks and preferential attachment. It is also compared with results from the well-known configuration model. The hybrid model fits better the data of the patent citation network, rather than a single scale-free or a single Erdős-Rényi network, and explains the increase in preferential attachment in later years. Both the degree distribution and the results of the analysis through percolation theory agree well with real data. This enables the formation of a plausible explanation for the structural changes of the patent citation network's evolution.
Analyzing the Structure of U.S. Patents Network
Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization
The U.S. patents network is a network of almost 3.8 millions patents (network vertices) from the year 1963 to 1999 (Hall et al. (2001)) and more than 16.5 millions citations (network arcs). It is an example of a very large citation network. We analyzed the U.S. patents network with the tools of network analysis in order to get insight into the structure of the network as an initial step to the study of innovations and technical changes based on patents citation network data. In our approach the SPC (Search Path Count) weights, proposed by Hummon and Doreian (1989), for vertices and arcs are calculated first. Based on these weights vertex and line islands (Batagelj and Zaveršnik (2004)) are determined to identify the main themes of U.S. patents network. All analyses were done with Pajek-a program for analysis and visualization of large networks. As a result of the analysis the obtained main U.S. patents topics are presented.
Analysis of U.S. patents network
Advances in Methodology and Statistics
The NBER network of U.S. patents from 1963 to 1999 (Hall, Jaffe, Tratjenberg 2001, USPTO) is an example of a very large citation network (3774768 vertices and 16522438 arcs). Using islands algorithm (Zaverˇsnik, Batagelj, 2004) for the Search Path Count (SPC) weights (Hummon and Doreian 1989; Batagelj 2003) the most powerful theme in the entire network was determined. From this we selected a group of companies and categories that appeared and split the entire network into subnetworks according to selected companies and technological categories. We study the general trends and features of the subnetworks over the past thirty-seven years. We propose another approach for studying patents' network as a temporal network. Vertices from the same category in the same time slice are shrunk and then the obtained smaller networks over time are studied. By studying development patterns of the network over time we are trying to determine the general trends in the research and development for...
The evolution of patent mining: Applying bibliometrics analysis and keyword network analysis
World Patent Information, 2016
Text mining methods allow researchers to investigate technical documents (tech mining) and specifically explore patents for valuable information (patent mining. To the review literature and analyze the evolution of patent analysis and patent mining methods, bibliometrics analysis and keyword-based network analysis is applied on 143 papers extracted from the 'Web of science' database. Bibliometrics analysis was applied to determine top players researching in patent mining. Applying cluster analysis on the keyword network shows three main stages of patent analysis evolution. Also, it is discussed how patent mining is evolutionized in terms of information retrieval, pattern recognition and pattern analysis.
Analysis of U.S. Patents Network: Development of Patents over Time
2005
The NBER network of U.S. patents from 1963 to 1999 (Hall, Jaffe, Tratjenberg 2001, USPTO) is an example of a very large citation network (3774768 vertices and 16522438 arcs). Using islands algorithm (Zaver šnik, Batagelj, 2004) for the Search Path Count (SPC) weights (Hummon and Doreian 1989; Batagelj 2003) the most powerful theme in the entire network was determined. From this we selected a group of companies and categories that appeared and split the entire network into subnetworks according to selected companies and technological categories. We study the general trends and features of the subnetworks over the past thirty-seven years. We propose another approach for studying patents’ network as a temporal network. Vertices from the same category in the same time slice are shrunk and then the obtained smaller networks over time are studied. By studying development patterns of the network over time we are trying to determine the general trends in the research and development for the...
A text-mining-based patent network: Analytical tool for high-technology trend
The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2004
Patent documents are an ample source of technical and commercial knowledge and, thus, patent analysis has long been considered a useful vehicle for R&D management and technoeconomic analysis. In terms of techniques for patent analysis, citation analysis has been the most frequently adopted tool. In this research, we note that citation analysis is subject to some crucial drawbacks and propose a network-based analysis, an alternative method for citation analysis. By using an illustrative data set, the overall process of developing patent network is described. Furthermore, such new indexes as technology centrality index, technology cycle index, and technology keyword clusters are suggested for in-depth quantitative analysis. Although network analysis shares some commonality with conventional citation analysis, its relative advantage is substantial. It shows the overall relationship among patents as a visual network. In addition, the proposed method provides richer information and thus enables deeper analysis since it takes more diverse keywords into account and produces more meaningful indexes. These visuals and indexes can be used in analyzing up-to-date trends of high technologies and identifying promising avenues for new product development.
2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC), 2018
This study carries out an in-depth analysis of the litigated patent citation network in the LED industry, in terms of the nature of the network and the technical knowledge flow. In this way, this study provides a new idea that the technical knowledge flow in a citation network can be analyzed based on litigated patents. This research consists of three phases, namely data collection and collation, matrix and network establishment, and network analysis. As for the network analysis, it includes visualized analysis, topological structure analysis, and node centrality analysis. The analytical results show that the degree distribution of the citation network follows a power law, which is a feature of scale-free networks. Among the technical knowledge flow for the LED patents, the most important companies include Philips, Cree, Nichia, Osram, Seoul Semiconductor, and GE. The research perspective in this research can be provided for reference of other studies on the technical knowledge flow in other fields.
Research Policy, 2010
Recent empirical findings have questioned the use of patent citations as a measure. This points to the need of validation of patent citations methodologies, which we address by testing a recent methodology for studying technological evolution, namely connectivity analysis of citation networks. We find connectivity analysis to be a valid tool to identify the reliable knowledge which opens the way to further technological evolution of a surgical prosthesis, the artificial spinal disc. We also illustrate how connectivity analysis represents how this reliable knowledge differs depending on the stage of technological evolution. The corroborated validity of connectivity analysis of patent citations may trigger a renaissance in the use of this kind of patent data.
Prediction of emerging technologies based on analysis of the US patent citation network
Scientometrics, 2012
The network of patents connected by citations is an evolving graph, which provides a representation of the innovation process. A patent citing another implies that the cited patent reflects a piece of previously existing knowledge that the citing patent builds upon. A methodology presented here (i) identifies actual clusters of patents: i.e. technological branches, and (ii) gives predictions about the temporal changes of the structure of the clusters. A predictor, called the citation vector, is defined for characterizing technological development to show how a patent cited by other patents belongs to various industrial fields. The clustering technique adopted is able to detect the new emerging recombinations, and predicts emerging new technology clusters. The predictive ability of our new method is illustrated on the example of USPTO subcategory 11, Agriculture, Food, Textiles.
Patent Citation Networks Revisited: Signs of a Twenty-First Century Change?
This Article reports an empirical study of the network composed of patent “nodes” and citation “links” between them. It builds on an earlier study in which we argued that trends in the growth of the patent citation network provide evidence that the explosive growth in patenting in the late twentieth century was due at least in part to the issuance of increasingly trivial patents. We defined a measure of patent stratification based on comparative probability of citation; an increase in this measure suggests that the USPTO is issuing patents of comparatively less technological significance. Provocatively, we found that stratification increased in the 1990s during the “patent explosion.” Here we report a further study indicating that the trend toward increasing stratification leveled off beginning around 2000. This observation suggests that there was a de facto tightening of patentability standards well before the doctrinal shifts reflected in the Supreme Court’s flurry of patent activ...