Effects of Filler Content and Compatibilizing Agents on Mechanical Behavior of the Particle-Reinforced Composites (original) (raw)
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Cureus
Introduction: Filler size affects how the material is coated and finished, while filler stacking affects how strong the material is, how flexible it is, how resistant it is to wear, and how much it shrinks when it polymerizes. The purpose of this research was to compare micro-hybrid, nano-composite, and bulk-fill composites with respect to their compressive strength, diametric tensile strength, and flexural strength. Materials and methods: To organize the samples according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4049 and American Dental Association (ADA) detail number 27, we used a custommade Teflon mold. A total of 45 samples were used, with 15 samples in each group. The sample was mounted on a state-of-the-art general testing machine to determine its compressive strength and polar rigidity. The 3-point bowing test was used to determine flexural strength. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for quantitative analysis, followed by a post hoc test with a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill, the Filtek Z350 XT nanocomposite, and the T-Econom micro-hybrid composite all had different levels of flexural and compressive strength. This difference was statistically significant. Nanocomposites have superior compressive and flexural strengths to their counterparts analyzed in the present study. Conclusion: Nano-composite combines the properties of being strong and looking good. It can be used in both front and back restorations that need to be strong enough to withstand the forces of chewing.
Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulk-fill composites
Journal of dentistry, 2014
Degree of conversion Elastic modulus Flexural strength Microhardness Polymer network density a b s t r a c t Objectives: Bulk-fill composites have emerged, arguably, as a new ''class'' of resin-based composites, which are claimed to enable restoration in thick layers, up to 4 mm. The objective of this work was to compare, under optimal curing conditions, the physico-mechanical properties of most currently available bulk-fill composites to those of two conventional composite materials chosen as references, one highly filled and one flowable ''nano-hybrid'' composite. Methods: Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (Ivoclar-Vivadent), Venus Bulk Fill (Heraeus-Kulzer), SDR (Dentsply), X-tra Fil (VOCO), X-tra Base (VOCO), Sonic Fill (Kerr), Filtek Bulk Fill (3M-Espe), Xenius (GC) were compared to the two reference materials. The materials were light-cured for 40 s in a 2 mm  2 mm  25 mm Teflon mould. Degree of conversion was measured by Raman spectroscopy, Elastic modulus and flexural strength were evaluated by three point bending, surface hardness using Vickers microindentation before and after 24 h ethanol storage, and filler weight content by thermogravimetric analysis. The ratio of surface hardness before and after ethanol storage was considered as an evaluation of polymer softening. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test ( p = 0.05).
Materials Science, 2012
This study examines the effect of different post cure parameters to a polymer matrix particulate reinforced composite material. The goal is to evaluate the importance of different factors and to suggest a well-balanced post cure mode that supports the application of the material. Polymer matrix composites are post cured at elevated temperature to increase the amount of cross linking to achieve better chemical and heat resistance and mechanical properties. Every material has an individual post cure process that depends from the raw materials. Post curing variables include temperature, duration of cure, the time between initial curing and post curing and temperature profile gradient. There are several ways to determine the cure state of a polymer. It can be evaluated based on the mechanical and physical properties, residual styrene content, glass transition temperature, residual exotherm or solvent swelling test. For the determination of the suitable post cure parameters test slabs were casted and post cured with varying time and temperature. Glass transition temperature, residual exotherm, softening in ethanol, surface hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined. It is shown that the material should be cured at 60 °C-80 °C. With higher temperature and extended time of cure the glass transition temperature raises but the material becomes too brittle.
Effect of Filler on Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
Asian Journal of Chemistry
In recent past years, the concept of natural resources has gained key importance due to the necessity to preserve our natural environment. These nature friendly materials are also termed as "eco-materials" or "bio materials". The meaning of eco-material is 'safe' material systems for human and other life forms at all times. From the past experience, it is necessary for us to qualify the materials and settle those which are safe for both short and long-term employment. Selection of a material should be like that it not only satisfies industrial requirements but also meets the wider definition of eco-materials, as described above, is a present necessity for us [1]. Here, the most appropriate concept for material selection is composite materials with natural fiber reinforcement. The involvement of natural fiber reinforced composites is growing at a faster rate both in terms of their industrial works and research works also. The accessibility, renewability, low density and less price as well as satisfactory mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforcement's composites make them a pleasing ecological alternative to glass, carbon and other man-made fibers or
Study of Polymeric Composite Reinforced with Natural Particles: Measurement and Evaluation
Lavoisier, 2022
Natural particles and their composites are important in materials science, where a significant attentiveness is being displayed in the usage of natural particles as reinforcement in polymer composites. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the walnut shell particles as reinforcing fillers in a matrix composite. So, the amount composite examples were advanced through varying the percentage by weight of filler (3, 5, 7, and 9%) in an epoxy and unsaturated polyester polymer. Composite samples were mechanically characterized by tensile tests, flexural tests, hardness tests, and the Izod impact test. The tensile strength and impact strength of epoxy resin were increased after adding organic waste filler. The highest values of tensile strength and impact strength happened at 7% wt. The flexural strength and hardness of shore D increased with the percentage of walnut shell particles. The highest values of flexural strength and hardness were found at 9% wt. The results show that the mechanical properties of epoxy composite are better than the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester composite when walnut shell particles are added.
2021
The aim of the study was to assess the degree of conversion (DC), microhardness, polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) and volumetric contraction of two bulk-fill composites (SonicFill, Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA-(SF) and Filtek BulkFill, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA-(FB)) and one conventional nanofiller resin composite (Z350XT-3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) inserted incrementally (Z350I) or in bulk (Z350B). Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Knoop microhardness, PSS test and microcomputed tomography technique (μCT) were used to evaluate the resin composites. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). DC was not affected by the type of the composite, excepted when conventional resin composite was inserted in a single increment (p = 0.002). FB and Z350I showed higher microhardness values than Z350B (p = 0,003), while SF showed no statistically significant difference to the other resin composites. No statistical differences were found among the composites regarding to PSS (p = 0.104) and volumetric shrinkage (p = 0.258). Therefore, it can be concluded that bulk-fill and conventional resin composites tested present similar properties. Thus, shorter time required for the use associated with simplified operative technique are considered clinical advantages of bulk-fill composites.
A regression analysis of filler particle content to predict composite wear
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 1997
Statement of problem. It has been hypothesized that composite wear is correlated to filler particle content. There is a paucity of research to substantiate this theory despite numerous projects evaluating the correlation. Purpose of study The purpose of this study was to determine whether a linear relationship existed bevvveen composite wear and filler particle content of 12 composites. Material and methods. In vivo wear data had been previously collected for the 12 composites and served as basis for this study Scanning electron microscopy and backscatter electron imaging were combined with digital imaging analysis to develop "profile maps" of the filler particle composition of the composites. These profile maps included eight parameters: (1) total number of filler partMes/28742.6 bin12, (2) percent of area occupied by all of the filler particles, (3) mean filler particle size, (4) percent of area occupied by the matrix, (5) percent of area occupied by filler particles, r (radius) 1.0 </xm, (6) percent of area occupied by filler particles, r = 1.0 _< 4.5/xm, (7) percent of area occupied by filler particles, r = 4.5 < 10/zm, and (8) percent of area occupied by filler particles, r > 10/xm. Forward stepwise regression analyses were used with composite wear as the dependent variable and the eight parameters as independent variables. Results. The results revealed a linear relationship between composite wear and the filler particle content. Conclusion. A mathematical formula was developed to predict composite wear. (J Prosthet Dent 1996;77:57-67.) Composites have been used as substitutes for amalgam to restore posterior teeth; however, occlusal wear has been and continues to be a major clinical concern. 1,2 The resolution of this concern requires scientific studies of the basic nature of wear. It has been suggested that filler particle technologT, particularly the composition, size, and the area occupied by the filler particles within a composite formulation, have the potential to influence the wear performance of a composite. >7 It has been reported that "increasing the filler particle size will effectively modify not only the pattern of wear, but the rate of wear as well, ''6 and that the greater the size of the filler particle, the greater the potential for wear. ~ Yet there is a lack of studies reporting correlation between filler particle size and wear. Perhaps the reason for the lack of such studies is the
Filler Type and Particle Distribution Effect on Compact Properties of Polymer Composites
2021
This study reports the effects of silica (S), quartz (Q), and basalt (B) fillers on the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester (PE) composites. In the study, fillers were selected as same class grain distribution and mixed with orthophtalic based PE resin to produce composites. The thermal characterization of the composites was determined with thermogravimetric and thermal conductivity. Chemical characterization was carried out with FT-IR. Compressive strength was investigated with Universal Testing Machine. SEM device was used to investigate the morphological alterations of the composites. Also, statistical analysis was carried out for thermal conductivity and mechanical results. At the end of the present study, some minor chemical alterations were seen in FT-IR after the interaction of the fillers and PE resin. Thermal stability decreased after adding fillers. The thermal conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis were not agreed with each other tha...
Effect of Carbon Black and Fly Ash Fillers on Tensile Properties of Composites
Fibre reinforced polymer composites play an incredible role in almost all spheres of day to day life and the field of carbon composites is one of the prime research area in recent decade. Polymers are mostly reinforced with fibre or fillers to obtain better mechanical properties. The properties of the polymer composites can be improved largely by varying the type of filler/fibre materials and its volume percentage. Composites properties depend on the size, shape and other physical properties of the reinforcements. A relative easy way to improve the mechanical properties of a polymer is the addition of filler materials. In all particulate filled systems, the adhesion between the matrix and filler plays a significant role in determining the key properties such as strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of composites are also influenced by the filler's nature, size and distribution profile, aspect ratio, volume fraction, the intrinsic adhesion between the surfaces of filler and polymer. In this paper, the effect of filler material on mechanical properties of E-Glass fibre reinforced polymer has been studied out by varying filler materials. For these study three different types of specimens were prepared, viz FRP without filler material, the FRP with 10 volume percentages of carbon black and the FRP with 10 volume percentage of Fly ash as filler material. The polyester composites were fabricated by hand-layup method. Mechanical properties of the specimens are analyzed using computerized Universal Testing Machine as per ASTM D 638 standards. The resulting behavioral patterns of the FRP with filler material are listed and compared to those of the FRP without filler material. Mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation, yield strength, Poisson's ratio and percentage reduction in area were found out.