Prevalence of anxiety, depression and associated factors among pregnant women of Hyderabad, Pakistan (original) (raw)
Related papers
The present study is focused to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression among married pregnant and non-pregnant women and to find out the risk factors that are responsible for the development of these disorders during pregnancy. Total sample was comprised of three hundred married women (N=300): half of them were pregnant (n= 150) and half of them were married non-pregnant (n= 150). Data was obtained from public and government sector hospitals in Peshawar. Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results revealed that both moderate and sever anxiety were more prevalent among pregnant as compare to non-pregnant women. However, pregnant women exhibited slightly low level of moderate depression than non-pregnant women. To make the comparison between the two groups ttest was used. Further, to assess the risk factors for anxiety and depression during pregnancy, regression analysis was conducted by using the data of pregnant women only. Results indicated that all three variables: socioeconomic status, domestic violence, and husband's employment are significantly linked to anxiety and depression during pregnancy.
Determinants of Antenatal Psychological Distress in Pakistani Women
Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi, 2016
Introduction: An increasing number of evidence has demonstrated that poor antenatal psychological health can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Studies conducted in various countries demonstrated a wide range of factors associated with psychological distress during pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2011 and December 2012 in Peshawar, northwest Pakistan. A total of 230 women in their third trimester of pregnancy fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The antenatal psychological health status of women was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Relevant data regarding health and demographic-socioeconomic status were collected through personal interviews using standardized questionnaires. Results: Overall, 45% (n=104) of women exhibited symptoms for composite depression, anxiety, and stress (composite DAS). In the univariate analysis, maternal age, husband support, monthly income, family size, stressful life events, lack of confidence, domestic violence, and pregnancy-related concerns were strongly associated with antenatal composite DAS (p<0.01). The association of maternal composite DAS symptoms with age, monthly income, family size, and lack of confidence remained significant in the multivariate analysis (p<0.01). Conclusion: A major proportion of women exhibited symptoms of antenatal composite DAS, and various factors were found to be related to their psychological distress. A young maternal age, low husband support, low income, large family size, adverse life events, lack of confidence, pregnancy-related concerns, and domestic violence were stronger determinants of poor antenatal psychological status. The study findings concluded that policymakers at the government level should launch special intervention programs to improve maternal perinatal mental and psychological health at the community level.
Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Objective: We determined the frequency and risk factors of anxiety and depression in pregnant patients at an Abbottabad tertiary care hospital district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods: Using the validated Urdu version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 200 pregnant women from April to August 2019 at Ayub Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care hospital (HADS). Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for independent factors related with anxiety and depression were calculated using univariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Around 70% of the pregnant women were classified as anxious, while 57.5% were depressed. About half of the pregnant women had both depression and anxiety. Multivariate regression analysis showed that combined pregnant women were more likely to experience anxiety and despair belonging to Urdu ethnicity, having low level of education, household income of greater than 30 thousand PKR, husband’s high...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Anxiety and depression commonly co-occur during pregnancy and may increase risk of poor birth outcomes including preterm birth and low birth weight. Our understanding of rates, patterns, and predictors of comorbid anxiety and depression is hindered given the dearth of literature, particularly in low- and middle-income (LMI) countries. The aim of this study is (1) to explore the prevalence and patterns of comorbid antenatal anxiety and depressive symptoms in the mild-to-severe and moderate-to-severe categories among women in a LMI country like Pakistan and (2) to understand the risk factors for comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms. Using a prospective cohort design, a diverse sample of 300 pregnant women from four centers of Aga Khan Hospital for Women and Children in Pakistan were enrolled in the study. Comorbid anxiety and depression during pregnancy were high and numerous factors predicted increased likelihood of comorbidity, including: (1) High level of perceived stress at an...
Domestic violence prior to and during pregnancy among Pakistani women
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2008
Objective. Abuse of women has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data about abuse from developing countries are scarce, especially from Muslim societies. Our objective was to investigate domestic violence before and during pregnancy among women in an urban area of Pakistan. Design. Population-based cohort study. Setting. An urban community in Hyderabad, Pakistan. Population. Thousand three hundred and twenty-four pregnant women at 20Á26 weeks gestation. Methods. Socio-demographic and reproductive history data were obtained through structured interviews. We used a modified World Health Organization screening instrument to assess women's experience of domestic violence. Measures. Physical, sexual, and verbal abuse and demographic characteristics. Results. The majority of women had received some schooling and in most households the husbands were employed; by Pakistani standards, they were middle class. Young maternal age, having an unemployed husband and one with other wives/partners, and having had a prior pregnancy were significant predictors of abuse. In the six months prior to and/or during pregnancy, 51% reported experiencing verbal, physical or sexual abuse. Twenty percent reported physical or sexual abuse alone. Sixteen percent of women considered suicide as a response to the abuse. Conclusions. Domestic violence is common among urban Pakistani women of reproductive age, suggesting a need for universal screening during antenatal care, and for support and referral. Further research is needed to determine factors that place women at greatest risk, and to assess the impact of domestic violence on pregnancy outcomes.
Antenatal depression and its predictors in Lahore, Pakistan
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, 2013
Mental health is an important but neglected component of reproductive health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for antenatal depression among women attending for antenatal care at an urban tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. In a cross-sectional study, structured questionnaires were filled and screening for depression was done using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS). Out of 506 antenatal attendees 126 (24.9%) had no depression (EPDS scores<10), 53 (10.5%) scored 10-12 and 327 (64.6%) had EPDS scores>12. Depression scores (>or=10) were more common in mothers aged<20 years (93.7%) than those aged>35 years (55.0%). Fear of childbirth and separation from husband were identified as significant risk factors for development of antenatal depression, while family history of psychiatric illness was significant protective factor. Domestic violence, drug abuse, lack of support, previous miscarriage and personal history of previou...
BMC Women's Health, 2017
Background: Anxiety and depression (A&D) are commonly reported among pregnant women from all over the world; however, there is a paucity of workable data from the developing countries including Pakistan. The current study, therefore, aims to find out the frequency and predictors of A&D among pregnant women attending a tertiary healthcare institutes in the city of Quetta, in the Balochistan province, Pakistan. Methods: A questionnaire based, cross-sectional survey was conducted. The pre-validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to assess the frequency of A&D among study respondents. Anxiety and depression scores were calculated via standard scoring procedures while logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of A&D. SPSS v. 20 was used for data analysis and p < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Seven hundred and fifty pregnant women responded to the survey. The majority of the respondents belonged to age group of 26-35 year (424, 56.4%) and had no formal education (283, 37.6%). Furthermore, 612 (81.4%) of the respondents were unemployed and had urban residencies (651, 86.6%). The mean anxiety score was 10.08 ± 2.52; the mean depression score was 9.51 ± 2.55 and the total HADS score was 19.23 ± 3.91 indicating moderate A&D among the current cohort. Logistic regression analysis reported significant goodness of fit (Chi square = 17.63, p = 0.030, DF = 3), indicating that the model was advisable. Among all variables, age had a significant association when compared with HADS scores [adjusted OR (odds ratios) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.13-1.62, p < 0.001]. Conclusion: Moderate A&D was reported among the study respondents. Furthermore, age was highlighted as a predictor of A&D. The evidence from this study provides a motion of support programs for anxious and depressed pregnant women. The benefits of implementing good mental health in antenatal care have long-lasting benefits for both mother and infant. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate A&D screening in the existing antenatal programs.
Analysis of Stress and Depression During Pregnancy in Pakistan
2020
Introduction: Pregnancy and the postpartum can be times of joy and positive expectations but also of stress and difficulties. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is to analyse the stress and depression during pregnancy in Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in PIC during March 2019 to December 2019. This study was done with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. Data were collected from 100 pregnant female patients. Results: The data was collected from 100 female patients. The mean maternal age of study and control groups were 28.4±5.5 and 29.4±5.7 years, respectively. Median gestational age of study participants was 11.1±2.1 weeks and 10.9±2.2 weeks for controls. No statistically significant difference was observed between the study and control groups. If the diagnosis of NVP or HG is made, but there is poor response to initial interventions, an atypical presentation, or initial presentation after 9-10 weeks, other causes must be explored. If there is fever, a source of infection should be sought or if the history suggests a CNS abnormality, check for signs of raised intracranial pressure. Conclusion: It is concluded that pregnancy is a time of increased vulnerability for the development of anxiety and mood disorders. Some women may experience their first depressive episode during pregnancy, while others are at risk of recurrence due to a previous history of depression and anxiety.
Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2021
Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Methods: Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using “Patient health questionnaire” (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on “Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women.”Results: Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (p < 0.01). Women livin...
Khyber Medical University Journal, 2019
To determine the frequency of anxiety and depression among pregnant women attending antenatal outpatient department of a public hospital based in Mardan, Pakistan. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bacha Khan Teaching Hospital and Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan from October 2017 to April 2018. The study included 212 pregnant women during their routine antenatal checkup with the gynecologist during all three trimesters of pregnancy. Convenience sampling method was used and structured interview was conducted to obtain demographic information. Hamilton Depression rating scale and Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) was used to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety respectively. RESULTS: Out of 212 pregnant women, most were uneducated (n=96, 45.3%), housewives (n=182, 85.8%), from rural area (n=114, 53.8%), in 3rd trimester of pregnancy (n=132, 62.3%), having planned pregnancy (n=174, 82.1%) and desirous of male child (n=94, 44.3%). Mean age of women was 25.55±5.52 years. Mild depression was present among 68 (32.1%), moderate depression in 64 (30.2%), severe depression in 24 (11.3%) and very severe depression in 20 (9.4%) women. According to HAM-A scores, 70 (33%) of the participants scored in normal range, 44 (20.8%) lied in mild anxiety range, 62 (29.2%) lied in moderate anxiety while 36 (17%) lied in severe anxiety range. Levels of depression and anxiety were highest among women of third trimester. CONCLUSION: Frequency of anxiety and depression is very high among pregnant women in our study population. Majority were uneducated, housewives, having rural origin, in 3rd trimester and desirous of male child.