Cancer Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Anticancer Vaccination and Drug Delivery (original) (raw)

Nanoparticle design to induce tumor immunity and challenge the suppressive tumor microenvironment

Nano Today, 2014

Over the years research in the field of cancer immunotherapy has flourished, bringing about crucial breakthroughs, but at the same time revealing new and important pathways of immune suppression that put a break on the success of cancer immunotherapy. This review focuses on how nano-and micromaterials can be used to induce antitumor immune responses and what their role in overcoming immune suppression could be. It is now beyond question that this requires elegantly designed particles that can reach their target cells, deliver antigenic cargo and most importantly immune stimulants in order to provoke and sustain antitumor immunity.

Nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy

The versatility and nanoscale size have helped nanoparticles (NP) improve the efficacy of conventional cancer immunotherapy and opened up exciting approaches to combat cancer. This review first outlines the tumor immune evasion and the defensive tumor microenvironment (TME) that hinders the activity of host immune system against tumor. Then, a detailed description on how the NP based strategies have helped improve the efficacy of conventional cancer vaccines and overcome the obstacles led by TME. Sustained and controlled drug delivery, enhanced cross presentation by immune cells, co-encapsulation of adjuvants, inhibition of immune checkpoints and intrinsic adjuvant like properties have aided NPs to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer vaccines. Also, NPs have been efficient modulators of TME. In this context, NPs facilitate better penetration of the chemotherapeutic drug by dissolution of the inhibitory meshwork formed by tumor associated cells, blood vessels, soluble mediators and extra cellular matrix in TME. NPs have shown to achieve this by suppression, modulation, or reprogramming of the immune cells and other mediators localised in TME. In this review, we summarize applications of NPs used to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines and modulate the TME to improve cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the hurdles faced in commercialization and translation to clinic have been discussed and intriguingly, NPs owe great potential to emerge as clinical formulations for cancer immunotherapy in near future.

Nanoparticles to Improve the Efficacy of Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines

Cancers

Nanoparticles represent a potent antigen presentation and delivery system to elicit an optimal immune response by effector cells targeting tumor-associated antigens expressed by cancer cells. Many types of nanoparticles have been developed, such as polymeric complexes, liposomes, micelles and protein-based structures such as virus like particles. All of them show promising results for immunotherapy approaches. In particular, the immunogenicity of peptide-based cancer vaccines can be significantly potentiated by nanoparticles. Indeed, nanoparticles are able to enhance the targeting of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and trigger cytokine production for optimal T cell response. The present review summarizes the categories of nanoparticles and peptide cancer vaccines which are currently under pre-clinical evaluation.

Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines

The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccineantigen, adjuvant and delivery systemwill be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.

Multiantigenic Nanoformulations Activate Anticancer Immunity Depending on Size

Advanced Functional Materials, 2019

Nanoparticle-adjuvanted cancer vaccines are attracting increasing attention because they can induce an effective anticancer immune response. Singleantigen vaccines are inefficient to inhibit cancer progression due to the heterogeneity of tumors and the antigenicity alteration of tumor-associated antigens. Therefore, the efficient delivery of multiple antigens to antigen-presenting cells is an excellent opportunity for strong anticancer immunity. In this study, three immunoadjuvant-loaded multiantigenic nanoparticles MANPs/R837 with different diameters, i.e., 83, 103, and 122 nm, are prepared through coating of the cancer cell membrane as a source of multiple antigens onto the imiquimod R837-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. The MANP/R837 with a diameter of 83 nm (MANP83/R837) shows the most efficient delivery of the payload to the draining lymph nodes and achieves the best antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. Compared with the other two nanovaccines, MANP83/ R837 has a stronger inhibitory effect on tumor growth and metastasis. In the combination therapy with checkpoint blockade therapy using programmed cell death-1 antibody, MANPs/R837 show effective inhibition against tumor progression, and MANP83/R837 achieves the most exciting effect. Therefore, MANPs/ R837, as a promising therapeutic cancer vaccine, demonstrates great prospects in cancer immunotherapy.

Systematic design of cell membrane coating to improve tumor targeting of nanoparticles

Nature Communications

Cell membrane (CM) coating technology is increasingly being applied in nanomedicine, but the entire coating procedure including adsorption, rupture, and fusion is not completely understood. Previously, we showed that the majority of biomimetic nanoparticles (NPs) were only partially coated, but the mechanism underlying this partial coating remains unclear, which hinders the further improvement of the coating technique. Here, we show that partial coating is an intermediate state due to the adsorption of CM fragments or CM vesicles, the latter of which could eventually be ruptured under external force. Such partial coating is difficult to self-repair to achieve full coating due to the limited membrane fluidity. Building on our understanding of the detailed coating process, we develop a general approach for fixing the partial CM coating: external phospholipid is introduced as a helper to increase CM fluidity, promoting the final fusion of lipid patches. The NPs coated with this approac...

Nanoparticles as Smart Carriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Frontiers in Chemistry, 2020

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of many forms of cancer by stimulating body's own immune system. This therapy not only eradicates tumor cells by inducing strong anti-tumor immune response but also prevent their recurrence. The clinical cancer immunotherapy faces some insurmountable challenges including high immune-mediated toxicity, lack of effective and targeted delivery of cancer antigens to immune cells and off-target side effects. However, nanotechnology offers some solutions to overcome those limitations, and thus can potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review focuses on the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of immunostimulating agents for efficient cancer immunotherapy. Here we have outlined the use of the immunostimulatory nanoparticles as a smart carrier for effective delivery of cancer antigens and adjuvants, type of interactions between nanoparticles and the antigen/adjuvant as well as the factors contro...

Application of nanostructured drug delivery systems in immunotherapy of cancer: a review

Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2016

The cancer immunotherapy method uses the specificity of the immune system to provide a more effective than more conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Immunotherapy has two main strategies (passive or active) to organize the immune system. Passive strategies use advantage of tumor-hyperpermeable cells, which have enhanced permeability and retention effects. Nanoparticles due to their better accumulation within tissues and cells of the immune system are well suitable for delivery of immune therapies such as vaccines or adjuvants. In this review, we explained application of nanotechnology in immunotherapy of cancer.