Abdullah Husain and the Pakistani Literature (original) (raw)
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Analysis of the Urduization Trend in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Novels
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The study investigated the trend of Urduization in Bapsi Sidhwa's novels; "The Crow Eaters" (1978) and "Water" (2006), with a focus on the use of Urduized nouns in the two novels. Urduization is the process of adding words from Urdu into the English language (Ali & Ijaz, 2009). Pakistani literature in English began to make its presence felt both nationally and internationally in the 1970s. A significant feature of this literature was the language used by the Pakistani writers. The unrestrained use of local words and expressions, reflected a new confidence in the use of the English language by the Pakistani writers. Pakistani English (PE) as a non-native variety displayed the unique characteristics and features of cultural influence of the society. The borrowing of words from Urdu and the regional languages and incorporating them into structures and expressions signified the independent development of PE. A mixed method approach was employed and data was collected from a corpus of Urduized nouns, developed following the research pathway of Ahmed and Ali (2014), by creating contextualized categories of the nouns used in the two novels. Documentary evidence in the form of author interviews also formed part of the analysis. Findings showed that the extent of urduization remained the same with the author's use of urduized words in both her novels very nearly following similar trends. Most words were added to provide contextual clarity and create interest, demonstrating a consistency in her writing style over three decades.
Impact of Urduised English on Pakistani English Fiction
The present work studies the use of Urduised words in the Pakistani English fiction. The present study is a corpus-based study and investigates the influence created through the Urduised words used in the Pakistani English drawing on the data from Pakistani English Fiction corpus (PEF) consisting of one million words . The influence of Urdu through Code-switching has resulted in a lot of innovations at the lexical level in the Pakistani English. The data analysis reveals that Pakistani English shows distinct impact of its indigenous culture through the usage of dynamic lexis steeped in Pakistani culture. The frequent use of Urduised words in Pakistani English Fiction at the lexical level is the distinct feature of Pakistani English and strengthens the fact that Pakistani English being an independent variety has bridged the process of localization and represents independent linguistic norms of its own.
Urdu Studies , 2020
Second issue of Urdu Studies, edited and published by Arshad Masood Hashmi for the Department of Urdu, Jai Prakash University, Chapra. This issue includes papers contributed by for Urdu Section: Prof. Satya Pal Anand, Former Professor of English, University of the District of Columbia, Washington DC Prof. Syed Hasan Abbas, Head, Department of Persian, BHU, Varanasi (Former Director, Raza Library, Rampur) Prof. Maula Bakhsh, Department of Urdu, AMU, Aligarh Dr. Sarwarul Hoda, Department of Urdu, JNU, New Delhi Dr. Laila Abdi Khojaste, Urdu Author & Lexicologist, Tehran, Iran Dr. Shazia Razzaq, Department. of Urdu, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Dr. Shazia Omair, Department of Urdu, Delhi University, Delhi Saqib Faridi, Research Scholar, Department of Urdu, JNU for English Section: Prof. David Lelyveld, Professor of History (Retired), William Paterson University, New Jersey, the United States Prof. Marcia Hermansen, Director, Islamic World Studies; Professor, Theology Department, Loyola University, Chicago Prof. Najeeba Arif, Chairperson, Department of Urdu, International Islamic University, Islamabad Prof. Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz- Fras, Chair for East and South Asia, Institute of the Middle and Far East, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Balochistan Journal of Linguistics
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Writing skills hold a significant place in education; requiring years of schooling and proper training to be achieved by students. Urdu and English, regardless of being the medium of Pakistani education system and writing in these languages is inevitable, students go through troubles in developing a coherent piece of writing in either of the languages. There is a general perception that in Pakistan writing pedagogy devalues students’ creative and communicative abilities by means of memorization and over dependence on teachers and books. This study explored teaching strategies used by language teachers (Urdu and English) at secondary level in developing writing skills of students. Using survey design twelve in-service language teachers of Urdu and English in semi-government schools were interviewed. The semi- structured and open ended interviews were scheduled with individual teachers and lasted for about 30 minutes regarding their writing instruction strategies. The recorded data were transcribed and thematically analyzed and divided into sub-themes, such as; types of strategies teachers follow, common strategies used by English and Urdu teachers, pedagogical strategies specific to Urdu and English teachers, language teachers’ understanding and knowledge of writing pedagogy. The results revealed that Urdu and English language teachers are equally unaware of effective and standard strategies for developing writing skills of their students. Their writing instruction indicated lack of conscious planning for different stages of the writing instruction, absence of authentic writing tasks, and insufficient writing practice for learners. The study concludes with pedagogical recommendations that would be based on strategic and systematic writing instruction that caters to learners’ needs.
The Projections of Reformist Approaches to the Genre of the Novel in Urdu Literature
Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 2018
Urdu edebiyatında, reform denince akla ilk olarak Sir Seyyid Ahmed Han'ın bir eğitim kurumu olarak açılmasını ön gördüğü Aligarh Kolej bünyesinde gerçekleştirilen faaliyetler gelmektedir. Sosyokültürel ve siyasi yönden, halkı içine düştüğü çıkmazdan kurtarmak isteyen aydınlar, toplumu bilinçlendirmeye yönelik çeşitli çalışmalar başlatmışlardır. Sir Seyyid Ahmet Han ve arkadaşları, Aligarh Hareketi olarak bilinen eğitim ve edebiyat faaliyetleri ile toplumun ıslahına yönelik çalışmaları hızlandırmışlardır. Bu çalışmalar, Urdu edebiyatında önemli bir farklılık yaratmıştır. Dönemin edebiyatçıları, halkı bilinçlendirmek için eserlerinde anlaşılabilir bir dil kullanmaya özen göstermişlerdir. Bunlar içerisinde Dipti Nezir Ahmed'in çalışmaları da Urdu roman sanatının ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Dipti Nezir Ahmed'in eğitici-öğretici yönü, Pirem Çand'ın betimleyici anlatımı çerçevesinde toplumcu-gerçekçi yönü Urdu edebiyatında öne çıkan edebiyat akımları çerçeve...
+An+Analysis+of+Novel+Expressions+in+Pakistani+English
This research uses a corpus-based analysis to uncover the unique qualities of Pakistani English, which is a variation of English spoken in Pakistan. It investigates the specific phrases found in novels written in Pakistani English. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative tools, the study design follows an exploratory sequential mixed method strategy to conduct a thorough examination. From the corpus of Pakistani English Novels, the research builds concordances and word lists using the Antconc software. After that, the text's subtleties are examined using qualitative content analysis. Research shows that Pakistani English has its own distinct vocabulary and idioms that other variants of the language do not have. This finding disproves long-held assumptions and proves that Pakistani English is a separate language with its own phonetics and grammar. The study provides important new information for linguists studying Pakistani English as well as for educators and students in the subject. This research adds to our knowledge of the literary uses of Pakistani English and the subtle linguistic details that shape the Remittances Review
2017
Persian, Sanskrit, Urdu, English and Kashmiri and thus created a taste for literature. It is noteworthy that Persian, which was the official language of Kashmir for over four centuries, influenced and enlarged Kashmiri vocabulary to a large extent. Persian, however, slowly ceased to be the language of the court and of the elite with the eclipse of the Mughals. Urdu took its place steadily and step by step. The part that Kashmiris played in its development and enrichment has again been historic and all-important. In point of that fact Kashmiris, whether Hindu or Muslims, who migrated to various parts of India from the middle of the seventeenth century onwards and settled down in Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, Central India, U.P. and even Eastern India, slowly forgot their mother tongue, Kashmiri and used Urdu as such. They ultimately, came to regard Urdu as their mother-tongue. In Jammu and Kashmir State itself, with the accession of Maharaja Pratap Singh and with the efforts of British Resident C.Plowden Persian the court language was replaced by Urdu. The fact behind this change was that Urdu was used regularly and popularly outside the state. Urdu had already been popular in the rest of India and the educated elite comprised mostly by Kashmiri Pandits grasped it easily and took mastery over it. It would be no exaggeration to say that the very foundations of the Urdu novel and of its fiction were laid by that great genius, Rattn Nath Dhar 'Sarshar'(Title). His classic "Fasanai Azad"(Book) was universally applauded as a great work of art and charted new paths in virgin soil. These included Prem Nath Sadhu 'Pardesi' (Title), and, Prem Nath Dhar who wrote "Kagaz-Ka-Vasudeva"(Book) and many among others. In the field of Urdu prose stalwarts like Tribhuwan Nath 'Hajar'(Title), Shiv Narain 'Shamim'(Title), Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru to name only a few, rendered yeomen's service. Again in the development of Urdu journalism Kashmiris have played a significant role. In the Kashmir State itself the legendary Har Gopal Kaul 'Khasta' (Title), was beckoned the father of Urdu journalism. In Lahore and in others parts, the name of Gopinath Gurtu of "Akhbar-i-Aam"(Newspaper) fame was one to conjure with to be followed, with passage of time, by Dina Nath Chikan 'Mast's' "Subeh-i-Kashmir" and "Kashmir Darpan"(newspapers) of Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, "Murasala-i-Kashmir"(newspaper) and "Subeh-i-Umed"(newspaper) of Brij Narain 'Chakbast' and "Bahar-i-Kashmir"(Book) work is exemplary. The "Masnavi"(Collection of poems) of Daya Shankar Tikku, 'Nasim'(Title), holds its relevance till now. Brij Narain Chakbast-a great poet touched the very elevations of poetic genius. His "Khak-i-Hind"(Work on Poetry) poems of the same genre should be read with Iqbal's "Mera Wattan Wohi Hai"(poetry) and "Naya Shawab"(poetry) written very much later. His mastery of Urdu prose was equally splendid. The diction, and thrust of "Maarika-i-Chakbast-o-Sharar"(prose) was a brilliant work and Pandit Brij Mohan Dattatriya, 'Kaifi'(Title),-a venerable label in Urdu literary and cultural spheres all over India is notable. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru once proudly declared: "Urdu is my mother-tongue and I am proud of it". Almost every town in India had minor Kashmiri poets, especially in Indian States where they enjoyed royal patronage. The four Kashmiris who have earned for themselves a niche in the history of Urdu literature are Mohammad Iqbal, Ratan Nath Dhar 'Sarshar', Daya Shankar Kaul 'Nasim', and Brij Narain 'Chakbast'. Ratan Nath Dhar was the celebrated author of "Fasana Azad" (Book), which is regarded as the forerunner of the Urdu novel. The story of his coming to literary prominence is as fascinating as his works. He was a school teacher and wrote a piece for the famous Urdu paper "Oudh Punch" (newspaper). Pandit Jagmohan Nath Raina, "Shauk"(Book), resulted in the publication finally by 1932 of two excellently brought out volumes of a classic in
Investigating the linguistic patterns of Pakistani English in a few selected works
The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistani literature is examined in this study. Since English has evolved into a national language of Pakistan in a linguistically and culturally diverse country. For this reason, the literary dimension is unquestionably the most crucial components of some argument that English in Pakistan is a unique variety of Englishes across the globe. This study examined the lexical features of four Pakistani Anglophone writers' chosen works using the textual analysis method. The study focuses on the range of creative techniques those English-speaking Pakistani authors that use their writing to express the Pakistani identity in a language that was appropriate for their sociocultural
This paper aims to find out the variation in Urdu language due to language contact. It studies the use of English vocabulary in Urdu written language. The nature of the research is quantitative as well as qualitative as it examines the grammatical and domain-wise categories of English words used in Urdu and tries to determine the social factors that are the cause of this increase. It counts and calculates the frequency and the percentages of English words to examine the diachronic changes in the language. The researchers have taken the corpus of 30,000 words in total which includes15000 words of Urdu magazine published from 1995 to 1997 and the similar corpus of year 2011. The corpus is minutely observed by the researchers and English words are extracted and tested from English to Urdu dictionaries in order to see whether or not English vocabulary is increasing due to (non)availability of their Urdu substitutes. The results reveal that Urdu language is now absorbing English words more than a decade ago. The results also brought forth an interesting fact that the magazines that are promoters of Urdu language are conscious to restrain the use of English. However, English words frequently used by Urdu users are showing up in the written language and are used at the expense of their Urdu correlates.