The heritability of body composition (original) (raw)
Related papers
Changes in body composition during growth in healthy school-age children
Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 1998
Bone-mineral-free lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) were determined by DXA scanning in 343 healthy children and adolescents (142 males) aged 4.9 19.3 yr. The main sex difference was the earlier flattening of the LBM according to age curve for girls compared to boys and the higher increase in FM with age in girls. 332 persons (140 males) were examined again after 1 yr and accretion rates for LBM and FM were calculated. The main sex difference was a later and higher peak in LBM accretion in boys compared to girls and a nearly constant increase in FM throughout puberty in girls, while boys had no increase in FM during puberty. The differences may reflect the higher androgen production in male puberty.
Birth weight, physical growth and body composition in children: A longitudinal study
Revista de Nutrição, 2018
Objective To describe children’s physical growth (body mass and height) velocity and body composition (fat percentage and Fat Free Mass); to investigate the magnitude of interindividual differences according to age, gender and birth weight categories, as well as to examine the differences in the average trajectories of children with Low Birth Weight and Normal Weight according to international references. Methods The sample consisted of 534 children (279 boys and 255 girls, 7 to 10 years old) evaluated in the first year of study and followed for 3 years with overlap between the ages of 7 and 9 years. Physical growth and body composition measurements included: height, body mass, fat percentage (%Fat) and Fat Free Mass. Multilevel Modelling was used. Results Birth weight was not associated with physical growth and body composition markers at 7 years old or with the velocity of their changes (p>0.05). There were significant interindividual differences in the trajectories of physical...
Body composition assessment in a sample of eight-year-old children
Nutrition, 2009
Objective: We assessed the body composition of 8-y-old children living in Livorno through the integration of bioelectrical and anthropometric evaluations. Methods: The study, conducted during December 2005, involved 8-y-old third graders of Livorno, Italy. We collected for each subject (449 children, 210 female and 239 male) anthropometric parameters and carried out bioelectrical impedance test with a STA/BIA Soft Tissue Analyzer. Data were processed with SPSS 14.0. Results: According to anthropometric parameters, a statistically significant difference between genders was found only for height. Percentages of overweight and obese children by gender were 13.9 and 2.4 for girls and 21.3 and 2.1 for boys (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for weight, height, and body mass index percentiles from national reference values, whereras significant differences were found in mid-upper arm circumference between our sample and-lacking national data-the reference (U.S.) population for age and gender. With regard to bioelectrical impedance analysis, a common trend of distribution was observed in both genders toward the left and the area above the spatial ellipses and a statistically significant difference between genders for all parameters with the exception of phase angle. A gradual mean impedance shortening vector was observed with an increase of body mass index or mid-upper arm circumference. The comparison of the two techniques showed a good relation between anthropometric and bioelectrical parameters. Conclusion: An integrated interpretation of bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry, demonstrated by the correlation of many parameters between the two techniques, seems to emerge as a good indication of nutritional status for most children of both genders. Ó
Pediatric Exercise Science, 2013
In his 1989 article "Body Composition in Children," Lohman wrote about the progress made during the 1980s in assessing body composition and the relation of body composition to health. He wrote, "The assessment of body composition in children has taken on greater significance because of the need to study the prevalence of obesity in children and youth, the need to better document the tracking and genetics of body fatness, the need to relate fat patterning in childhood and fat patterning in adults, and the need to assess changes in the prevalence of obesity over time in a given population" (69). In the present article, we revisit these issues, review progress over the past 25 years and suggest where research needs to go in the years ahead. A number of body composition studies in children before 1989 showed that Body Mass Index (BMI) had a larger error than skinfold thicknesses when predicting percent body fat (54,86). Studies since that time have elucidated the reasons why BMI is limited for estimating fatness, showing that variation in maturity, muscle mass, water content, bone mass and leg length all confound the relation of fatness to the ratio of weight-to-height squared, and contribute to the large prediction error (SE ± 5-7% fat) when estimating % fat for a given individual. Although skinfold thicknesses gave more accurate estimates of percent fat than BMI, often its errors were larger than desirable. We now know errors were inflated by the use of adult models to convert body density to percent fat which were unsuitable for children. Recognizing the problem, Lohman and colleagues developed a four-component approach to estimate body composition in children and adolescents using hydrostatic weighing, total body water by deuterium dilution, and body mineral content from forearm photon absorptiometry. That research showed that body density in children was significantly affected by variation in the water and mineral content of the fat-free body, especially in prepubescent children (67). Earlier work by Foman et al., (31) had shown similar developmental changes in the composition of fat-free body in children from birth to 10 years of age.
Association of a Body Mass Index Genetic Risk Score with Growth throughout Childhood and Adolescence
PLoS ONE, 2013
Background: While the number of established genetic variants associated with adult body mass index (BMI) is growing, the relationships between these variants and growth during childhood are yet to be fully characterised. We examined the association between validated adult BMI associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and growth trajectories across childhood. We investigated the timing of onset of the genetic effect and whether it was sex specific.
Analysis of Body Mass Index (BMI) of 3 to 18-year-old boys in 6 cohorts
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 2015
Growth and maturation of children is a dynamic and complex biological process, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Children's growth pattern can change from time to time, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the state of children's somatic development repeatedly. According to a widely accepted and scientifically proven theory, children's growth and maturation status is a sensible indicator of the nutritional and health conditions of the general population. Thus, information about growth and development of children and youth mirrors the biological status and/or welfare of a population. The "Körmend Growth Study", a chain of repeated cross-sectional growth studies performed on children in the town of Körmend (Hungary) was one of the first realizations of this principle. Anthropological investigations have been performed in Körmend in every 10 years since 1958 in a systematic way. The data are prepared from groups of 1563 to 2867 boys in Körmend, between 1958 and 2008 at 10-year intervals. Body Mass Index (BMI) was introduced into the human biology practice for the statistical evaluation of nutritional status according to the suggestions of Keys and coworkers. Comparing distinct ten-year intervals from 1958 to 2008, a characteristic tendency of BMI can be observed in boys.
Sportlogia, 2019
This study addressed the assessment of anthropometric characteristics and body composition of primary school children. The study aimed to determine age and sex related differences in children aged 7 and 8 years, which could be used to assess the health status of children and to monitor the trend of their growth and development. The study included 1520 students (814 second-grade students and 706 third-grade students; 772 boys and 748 girls). The participants were measured for body height and weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass, and fat-free mass. The results indicated that there were significant differences between boys and girls in body height and weight, fat percentage, body mass index, and fat-free mass (p <.05), whereas there was no difference in fat mass. Apart from the fat percentage, there are significant differences between seven-and eight-year-old children in all other measured variables. The obtained values of anthropometric characteristics and body composition of children are in accordance with the world trends. The differences between the sexes and the generations of children that have been identified are probably due to genetic predisposition, but also to the conditions in which they grow up.
The Reference Child and Adolescent Models of Body Composition: A Contemporary Comparisona
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006
Changes in the relative proportions of bone, muscle, water, visceral tissues, and body fat occur during growth. In the 1980s, reference models of body composition for children and adolescents were constructed by adjusting data on total body water (TBW), total body potassium (TBK), and regional bone mineral (BMC) data from several different Caucasian populations. In our study, we measured TBW, TBK, and total body BMC in 856 healthy European-American, African-American, and Mexican-American children. When we reconstructed the reference models using our contemporary data, we found that the body's bone, protein, and fat compartments are slightly but significantly different from the earlier models. Our study provides the range of normal body composition of healthy children, aged 5-18 years, and accounts for differences related to gender and ethnicity. a This work is a publication of the USDA/ARS Children'
The present study was aimed at analysing body composition in children aged 13 who, while showing normal BMI, had waist circumference above the 90th percentile, indicative of visceral fat accumulation. The study showed the situation to be related both to the elevated percentage of adipose tissue in the body and to reduced percentages of fat-free body mass and water. The girls examined showed their body fat percentage to vary within 19.5–32.7% (mean 26.9±3.8%) against the reference level of 18–25%; the girls’ fat-free body mass ranged within 67.3–80.5% (mean 71.3±3.8%) against the reference level of 72–82%; the percentage of water in their body ranged within 50.9–60.8% (mean 55.3±2.9%) against the reference level of 57–62%. The boys examined showed their body fat percentage to vary within 20.5–35.5% (mean 25.3±6.4%) against the reference level of 12–18%; their fat-free body mass to range within 64.7–89.5% (mean 74.7±6.4%) against the reference level of 82–88%; and the percentage of water in their body to vary within 48.3–66.9% (mean 55.8±4.8%) against the reference level of 61–66%. As shown by the results, the normal BMI cannot be the only criterion with which to assess the nutritional status of a child, particularly at puberty.