Silicon photomultipliers for scintillating trackers (original) (raw)
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First results of scintillator readout with silicon photomultiplier
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 2000
A new type of silicon device has been realized that has many properties comparable to, or better than, a conventional PMT (Photomultiplier Tube). This paper presents the first results of using these photodetectors in place of a PMT in the readout of scintillators for possible PET (Positron Emission Tomography) applications. This device, the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM), is effectively an avalanche photodiode operated in Geiger mode. In Geiger-mode detectors, a very large current signal is produced regardless of the size of the input, giving just logical rather than proportional information. However, the SiPM is subdivided into a large number (1440) of microcells that act as independent and virtually identical Geiger-mode photodiodes. The outputs of all these individual microcells are connected so that the total output signal is the sum of the signals from all of the microcells that were activated. In this way proportional information can be obtained. As a consequence of their design, these detectors have potentially very fast timing, high gain (10 5 10 6 ) at low bias voltage ( 50 V), a high quantum efficiency (35% at 500 nm), excellent single photoelectron resolution and are cheap to manufacture. Here we present results obtained with this new photodetector when used with pulsed LED and scintillator pixels.
Optimizing the design of a silicon photomultiplier-based radiation detector
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2011
The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel photo-sensor technology. This paper presents the design optimization process for implementing this technology in a scintillator-based radiation detector. The device provides the advantages of low current consumption, small dimensions, and high gain. These properties make SiPM of great interest for applications involving portable instrumentation. However, a novel approach to establish a set of parameters and their limits is required to optimize the performance of this new technology in radiation detection applications. The trade-offs and the influences of factors such as the photon detection efficiency (PDE), dynamic range (DR), various scintillation crystal characteristics, and light-reflecting materials are discussed. This study investigates the incorporation of CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals with SiPMs based on measurements and results for different photocoupling configurations, and the obtained achievements are described. A method for evaluating the photon collection efficiency of scintillator-SiPM-based detectors is proposed.
Silicon photomultiplier and its possible applications
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2003
The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a semiconductor device consisting of many photon microcounters (10 3 mm À2 ) positioned on a common Si substrate. SiPM operates in a limited Geiger mode and has single photoelectron gain (10 6 ) and photon detection efficiency (20%) similar to vacuum PMT. Main SiPM features are described and a number of examples of its possible applications are demonstrated, such as scintillator fiber readout, scintillator tiles+WLS readout, imaging Cherenkov counter timing. These SiPM applications are based on experimental test data and SiPM performance is compared with other photodetectors (PMT, APD, HPD, VLPC). r
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2018
A large area SiPM array is individually coupled to five different types of scintillators in and each is evaluated for the development of a coded aperture imaging system. In order to readout signals from the 144 pixel array, a resistor network with symmetric charge division circuitry was developed, which successfully provides a significant reduction in the multiplicity of the analog outputs and reduces the size of the accumulated data. Energy resolutions at 662 keV for pixelated arrays of dimensions and material types as follows: 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 CsI(Tl), 4 × 4 × 20 mm 3 CsI(Tl), 4 × 4 × 5 mm 3 LYSO(Ce), 4 × 4 × 10 mm 3 LYSO(Ce), and 2 × 2 × 5 mm 3 LaCl 3 (Ce) have been determined. In addition, sub-millimeter FWHM pixel-identification resolutions were acquired from all of the scintillators tested.
Journal of Instrumentation, 2012
A prototype module for an International Linear Collider (ILC) detector was built, installed, and tested between 2006 and 2009 at CERN and Fermilab as part of the CALICE test beam program, in order to study the possibilities of extending energy sampling behind a hadronic calorimeter and to study the possibilities of providing muon tracking. The "tail catcher/muon tracker" (TCMT) is composed of 320 extruded scintillator strips (dimensions 1000 x 50 x 5 mm 3 ) packaged in 16 one-meter square planes interleaved between steel plates. The scintillator strips were read out with wavelength shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers. The planes were arranged with alternating horizontal and vertical strip orientations. Data were collected for muons and pions in the energy range 6 GeV to 80 GeV. Utilizing data taken in 2006, this paper describes the design and construction of the TCMT, performance characteristics, and a beam-based evaluation of the ability of the TCMT to improve hadronic energy resolution in a prototype ILC detector. For a typical configuration of an ILC detector with a coil situated outside a calorimeter system with a thickness of 5.5 nuclear interaction lengths, a TCMT would improve relative energy resolution by 6-16% for pions between 20 and 80 GeV.
Chinese Physics C, 2012
This work aims at developing compact readout electronics for a compact imaging detector module with silicon photomultiplier (SPM) array. The detector module consists of a LYSO crystal array coupling with a SensL's 4×4 SPM array. A compact multiplexed readout based on a discretized positioning circuit (DPC) was developed to reduce the readout channels from 16 to 4 outputs. Different LYSO crystal arrays of 4×4, 8×8 and 12×12 with pixel sizes of 3.2, 1.6 and 1.0 mm respectively, have been tested with the compact readout board using a 137 Cs source. The initial results show that the compact imaging detector module with the compact multiplexed readout could clearly resolve 1 mm×1 mm×10 mm LYSO scintillation crystal array except those at the edges. The detector's intrinsic spatial resolution up to 1 mm can be achieved with the 3 mm×3 mm size SPMArray4 through light sharing and compact multiplexed readout. Our results indicate that this detector module is feasible for the development of high-resolution compact PET.
Advances in CMOS solid-state photomultipliers for scintillation detector applications
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2010
Solid-state photomultipliers (SSPMs) are a compact, lightweight, potentially low-cost alternative to a photomultiplier tube for a variety of scintillation detector applications, including digital-dosimeter and medical-imaging applications. Manufacturing SSPMs with a commercial CMOS process provides the ability for rapid prototyping, and facilitates production to reduce the cost. RMD designs CMOS SSPM devices that are fabricated by commercial foundries. This work describes the characterization and performance of these devices for scintillation detector applications.
Journal of Instrumentation, 2013
View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content Initial results of NEXT-DEMO, a largescale prototype of the NEXT-100 experiment V Álvarez, F I G Borges, S Cárcel et al.-Design and characterization of the SiPM tracking system of NEXT-DEMO, a demonstrator prototype of the NEXT-100 experiment V Álvarez, M Ball, F I G Borges et al.-Ionization and scintillation response of high-pressure xenon gas to alpha particles V Álvarez, F I G Borges, S Cárcel et al.-Recent citations NEXT: Searching for the 0Decay at the LSC P. Novella-Gaseous and dual-phase time projection chambers for imaging rare processes Diego González-Díaz et al-Radiopurity assessment of the energy readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment S. Cebrián et al
The recent development and study of silicon photomultiplier
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2004
Recent developments and results from the study of a Silicon Solid State Photomultiplier (Si-PM) are presented. The basis of this new type of photodetector is a fine structure of microcells operating in the Geiger mode with an internal gain greater than 10 6 : Common signal output allows for the detector to be operated in the proportional mode, and to reach a dynamic range of 1:5 Â 10 3 : Such photodetectors have shown single photon response at room temperature with a fast timing of $100 ps. They are compact, robust and non-sensitive to magnetic fields. Results show the detection of low-intensity light in single photon mode and the detection of minimal ionizing particles using a scintillation tile for hadron calorimetry. The silicon photomultiplier is suitable for wide application in scintillation calorimetry, medical application, etc. r