Targeting strategies for improving the efficacy of nanomedicine in oncology (original) (raw)
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Cancer has been growing nowadays consequently high number of death ascertained worldwide. The medical intervention involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical removal. This conventional technique lacking targeting potential and harm the normal cells. In drug treatment regimen, the combination therapy is preferred than single drug treatment module due to higher internalization of chemotherapeutics in the cancer cells both by enhance permeation retention effect and by direct cell apoptosis. The cancer therapeutics involves different methodologies of delivering active moiety to the target site. The active and passive transport mode of chemotherapeutic targeting utilizes advance nanocarriers. The nanotechnological strategic treatment applying advance nanocarrier greatly helps in mitigating the cancer prevalence. The nanocarrier-incorporating nanodrug directed for specific area appealed scientist across the globe and issues to be addressed in this regard. Therefore, various techniques and approaches invented to meet the objectives. With the advances in nanomedicine and drug delivery, this review briefly focused on various modes of nanodrug delivery including nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimer, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, nanolipid carrier (NLC), gold nanoshell, nanosize cantilevers and nanowire that looks promising and generates a novel horizon in cancer therapeutics.
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Over recent years advancement in nanoparticles drug delivery is widely expected to change the landscape of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries for the foreseeable future. Nanoparticles are solid colloidal matrix-like particles made of polymers or lipids. Generally administered by the intravenous route like liposome's, they have been developed for the targeted delivery of therapeutic or imaging agents. Nanomaterials have emerged as a promising strategy in delivering therapeutic molecules effectively to diseased sites. Furthermore, most nonmaterial surfaces can be decorated with targeting ligands, enhancing their ability to home to diseased tissues through multivalent interactions with tissue-specific receptors. Thus, targeted therapy provides a means to circumvent the toxicities and lack of treatment response of conventional systemic chemotherapy. Targeted liposome's, micelles, carbon nanotubes and dendrimers incorporated with therapeutic molecules have displayed impressive anticancer effects in animal studies, and these nanomaterials are considered to be close to clinical translation due to their biocompatibility. These carriers are designed in such a way that they are independent in the environments and selective at the pharmacological site. In addition, these nanomaterials have the capability to reverse multidrug resistance a major problem in chemotherapy. Finally, tumor-homing nanosystems that amplify tumor homing can also improve the delivery of compounds to tumors, providing imaging and therapeutic options that were previously unavailable. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology J o u rna l of N a n o m ed icine & N a n o te chnolo g y
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Application of nano-based systems for drug delivery and targeting: a review
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Over the last decades, magnificent progress in the field of nanopharmaceuticals mostly with sizes smaller than 100 nm has led to the development of novel delivery systems and brightened the hope of finding new approaches to combat threatening diseases including cancer. So far, numerous efforts have been made to develop appropriate delivery systems with favorable features such as acceptable toxicity profile, high cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, and stable physicochemical properties along with distribution of the therapeutic molecule specifically to the site of action, without affecting healthy organs and tissues. Non-viral delivery systems have always been suitable options for delivery purposes. Polymers, liposomes, and inorganic delivery systems are all of the available choices in non-viral delivery systems, with each possessing their own advantages and pitfalls. This current review presents the recent advances about the application of various nonviral nanocarriers in the delivery of diverse therapeutic agents especially in cancer treatment. Targeting ligands as an important part of designing targeted nanocarriers to the site of interest or intra-cellular environment and opportunities and challenges of nano-based systems for drug and gene delivery are also discussed.
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Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the bio-distribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. They are also able to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumors, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Drug resistance, another obstacle that impedes the efficacy of both molecularly targeted and conventional chemotherapeutic agents, might also be overcome, or at least reduced, using nanopar-ticles. Nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in cells without being recognized by P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multidrug resistance, resulting in the increased intra-cellular concentration of drugs. Multifunctional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personal-ized and tailored cancer treatment.