Bovine and small ruminant African animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria – A review (original) (raw)
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African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2017
Tsetse fly and trypanosome prevalence in ruminants were estimated in April and August, peak months of the dry and rainy seasons in the Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) of Kaduna State, North Central Nigeria. This study was subsequent to reports of seasonal outmigration of semi nomadic Fulani from the grazing reserve due to death of cattle from trypanosomosis. Result of blood samples showed an overall parasitological infection rate of 17.4%. Infection rates in cattle, sheep and goats were, 18.6%, 9.5% and 5.1% respectively. Over all higher infection rate in the rainy season was attributed to abundance of tsetse and other hematophagus flies. Infection rate in younger animals (21.9%) was higher compared to those of older animals (16.5%). Trypanosoma vivax was the dominant infecting trypanosome specie followed by T. congolense and T. brucei. It was concluded that tsetse fly and trypanosomosis constituted dual plagues limiting economic livestock production and settling of the pastoralists in the grazing reserve. This warrants application of sustainable integrated control measures to enhance utilization of abundant fodder at the reserve.
Parasites & Vectors, 2013
Background: Trypanosomiasis is a widespread disease of livestock in Nigeria and a major constraint to the rural economy. The Jos Plateau, Nigeria was free from tsetse flies and the trypanosomes they transmit due to its high altitude and the absence of animal trypanosomiasis attracted large numbers of cattle-keeping pastoralists to inhabit the plateau. The Jos Plateau now plays a significant role in the national cattle industry, accommodating approximately 7% of the national herd and supporting 300,000 pastoralists and over one million cattle. However, during the past two decades tsetse flies have invaded the Jos Plateau and animal trypanosomiasis has become a significant problem for livestock keepers. Methods: In 2008 a longitudinal two-stage cluster survey on the Jos Plateau. Cattle were sampled in the dry, early wet and late wet seasons. Parasite identification was undertaken using species-specific polymerase chain reactions to determine the prevalence and distribution bovine trypanosomiasis. Logistic regression was performed to determine risk factors for disease.
Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: A long way from elimination/ eradication
Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease of livestock that directly hinders livestock production and therefore impedes the socioeconomic development of sub-Saharan Africa. The establishment of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) was to enhance the goal of elimination and era-dication of tsetse flies and AAT from endemic countries in Africa. In order to achieve AAT eradication, a five-step progressive control pathway (PCP) model has been proposed. The data presented in this report demonstrates that Nigeria is highly endemic of AAT and that it is yet to comprehensively approach the process of eradication as it is at the infancy stage of data gathering and processing. This review is thus presented to serve as a wake-up call to all relevant stakeholders to intensify efforts in approaching the painstaking process of AAT eradication in Nigeria.
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2015
Livestock diseases especially cattle trypanosomiasis remains a challenge and a call for concern. A Cross sectional study was carried out on the entomological and parasitological prevalence of cattle trypanosomiasis, in the tsetse fly infested zone-Alme in Faro and Deo division, Adamaoua region Cameroon. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis, apparent density and distribution of its vectors. Blood samples were randomly collected from 504 selected cattle and analyzed using the Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (HCT); identification of different trypanosomes was achieved using the method of May−Grünwald Giemsa. An entomological survey was conducted using laveissiére type blue biconical traps (n=11 traps; 9 traps in the Alme Ranch and 2 around the Faro Game Reserve). The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in the study area was 29.4%. However, there was a statistical significant (P<0.05) difference of trypanosome species with site. There were single as well as mixed infections. The single infections identified were: Trypanosoma congolense (14.09%), Trypanosoma vivax (6.15%) and Trypanosoma brucei (3.37%) and mixed infections were Trypanosoma congolense+Trypanosoma vivax (2.38%), Trypanosoma congolense+Trypanosoma brucei (0.39%), Trypanosoma vivax+Trypanosoma brucei (0.39%) and Trypanosoma congolense+Trypanosoma vivax+ Trypanosoma brucei (2.57%). Entomological findings indicated that Glossina morsitans (47.27%) was the only tsetse fly species caught in the study area with others (44.5%), Stomoxys (4.50%) and Tabanus (3.59%). The overall apparent mean tsetses and biting flies' density of 9.05 and 1.46 flies/trap were recorded respectively. Current prevalence is witnessing a decrease in this area due to improved farmer's knowledge in the usage of barriers such as trypanocides and screens in disease management. Maintenance of these barriers can bring the disease to a bay in this trypanosomiasis risk zone of the Adamawa plateau.
BMC Veterinary Research
Background: Nagana (African Animal Trypanosomiasis-AAT) and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constrain livestock production in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. To this realisation, Uganda government set up an African trypanosomiasis (AT) control unit, which among other activities generates national tsetse control priority maps using apparent tsetse density data. Such maps underestimate mechanically transmitted AAT and thus ought to be refined using actual AT prevalence data. We therefore set out to generate up-to-date cattle and donkey trypanosomiasis prevalence data as well as find out the constraints to livestock production in Karamoja region in a bid to redefine AT control priority in this region. Results: Livestock keepers and animal health workers indicated that TBDs and AAT were the most important livestock diseases in Karamoja region. The prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and donkeys was 16.3% (95% CI: 12.4-21.1%) and 32.4% (95% CI; 20.2-47.6%) respectively. Trypanosoma vivax (12.1%) and Trypanosoma congolense savannah (29.6%) were the most prevalent Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and donkeys respectively. Majority of the cattle (85.7%) and more than half of the donkey (57.1%) herds were positive for Trypanosoma spp. Conclusions: African animal trypanosomiasis and TBDs are the most important constraints to livestock production in Karamoja region. In order to improve livestock production and hence Karamajong livelihoods, government of Uganda and her development partners will need to invest in livestock health programs particularly targeting tsetse and TBD control.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya
Journal of Parasitology Research, 2022
Background. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine cattle AAT's prevalence and associated risk factors in Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, livestock owners were recruited from four villages of Lambwe in Homa Bay, Kenya. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of cattle, and buffy coat smears were examined under a microscope. Parasites were further detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a semistructured questionnaire, livestock owners were interviewed on their knowledge of AAT and control practices. Chi-square and multilevel models were used for the analysis. Results. The overall prevalence was 15.63% (71/454). Trypanosoma vivax 10.31% and T. congolense Savannah 6.01% were the common species and subspecies. A total of 61 livestock keepers were involved in the study. Of these, 91.80% (56/61) knew AAT, and 90.16% (55/61) could describe the symptoms well and knew tsetse fly bite as transmission mode. Self-treatment (54.09%; 33/61) was common, with up to 50.00% of the farmers using drugs frequently. Isometamidium (72.13%; 44/61) and diminazene (54.09%; 33/61) were drugs frequently used. Although 16.39% (10/61) of the farmers claimed to use chemoprophylactic treatment, 6/10 did not use the right drugs. Animals (92.1%; 58/63) with clinical signs had positive infections. Villages closer to the national park recorded a higher prevalence. Infections were higher in cattle owned by those self-treating (27.23%; 58/213), those using drug treatment without vector control (27.62%; 50/181), those using single-drug therapy, and those practicing communal grazing (20.00%; 59/ 295). Clinical signs strongly associate with positive infections under multilevel modeling. Conclusion. Cattle trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the Lambwe region of Kenya. This is influenced by inappropriate control practices, communal grazing, and the proximity of farms to the national park. In addition, clinical signs of the disease have a strong association with infections.
Prevalence of trypanosomiasis in Zebu cattle at Obudu ranch — a tsetse-free zone in Nigeria
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1991
A recent cross-sectional survey of bovine trypanosomiasts at the Obudu Cattle Ranch (OCR), located at an altitude of 1576 m on the Obudu Plateau in Nigeria is presented. Blood samples from 68 adult cattle in three herds and 290 cattle (27 calves and 263 adults) m eight herds were screened for trypanosome infections in August 1989 and February 1990, respectively. Although the plateau is designated as tsetse-free, one (1.5°/o) (0.015, 95% confidence interval +0.029) and four (1.4%) (0.014, 95% confidence interval _+ 0.013) of the ranch's cattle in August and February, respectwely, had trypanosome infections. Trypanosoma brucet caused one of the refections while the others were caused by Trypanosoma vtvax.
Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2009
1 SUMMARY The incidence, pattern and economic cost of cases of clinical bovine trypanosomosis in nomadic herd at Jos Plateau were determined from 1997 to 2001. Records kept at the Plateau State Ministry of Animal and Forest Resources at Jos were analysed using the model described by Alonge et al . (year 1984). The incidence of clinical bovine trypanosomosis was 1.3% with a mortality rate of 21.7%. The annual average mortality was 0.3%. The economic loss due to mortality and miscellaneous costs during the fiveyear period was estimated at 1.02 billion Naira, with an average annual lost of 204.1 million Naira. Proper control programme should be instituted immediately to curb the increasing incidence with its attendant socioeconomic consequences.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2006
A study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region of northwest Ethiopia. A total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. The prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. The average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% in the tsetse-free and the tsetse-infested zones, respectively. In the tsetse-free, Trypanosoma vivax was responsible for 90.9% of the cattle trypanosome infections. In the tsetse-infested zone, Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax contributed almost equally to the trypanosome infections in cattle. Trypanosome infection, regardless of species, resulted in anaemia as evidenced by a significant decrease in the packed cell volume of the infected animal. The outcome of this longitudinal study suggests that control of trypanosomiasis in the Amhara Region cannot be achieved by tsetse control alone. Supplemental measures to include drug therapy and biting fly control are discussed. #
Prevalence of Trypanosome Infections in Ruminants in the Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria.
African Journal of Biomedical Research 10: 67-72, 2007
A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle and sheep in Kaura Local Government Area (LGA) of Kaduna State, southern guinea savanna, Nigeria. Animals were sampled in 12 villages from the districts of Bondong, Fada, Kadarko, Kukum, Manchok and Zankan. Sampling visits were undertaken on seasonal basis in the late wet season (October), early dry season (December), late dry season (February) and early wet season (June). Three- ml blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 395 cattle and 37 sheep. The results revealed that 21.53 ± 1.97% (range 9.4-43.8% per village) of the total animals were infected with various species of trypanosomes, with the prevalence in bovine and ovine being 20.51 ± 2.03% and 32.43 ± 7.69% respectively. Trypanosoma vivax had the highest infection rates (64.52%), followed by T. brucei (18.30%) and T. congolense (17.20%). Infections varied significantly among the districts, ranging from 9.7% at Zankan to 36.9% at Manchok (t=13.08; df=3; p<0.05; p-value=0.001). Infections were significantly higher in the early dry season compared to the other sub-seasons (t=5.12; df=5; p<0.05; p-value=0.004). Thirty three percent of the 12 villages screened had low prevalence figures (0-20%) while the remaining had high figures up to 40%. From the figures obtained, it appears that infections with trypanosomes are highly prevalent in cattle and sheep in Kaura LGA and may be a serious constraint to profitable livestock production in the area. The need to develop an effective control/eradication programme against the disease to boost the poverty eradication programme of the Federal Government is recommended