Phylogeographic Structure of White Oaks Throughout the European Continent (original) (raw)
Chloroplast DNA variation in European white oaks
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
A consortium of 16 laboratories have studied chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in European white oaks. A common strategy for molecular screening, based on restriction analysis of four PCR-amplified cpDNA fragments, was used to allow Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 5-26 : S 0 3 7 8 -1 1 2 7 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 6 4 5 -4 comparison among the different laboratories. A total of 2613 oak populations (12,214 individual trees from eight species) weresampled from 37 countries, and analysed with the four fragments. They belong to eight related oak species: Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q. faginea, Q. pyrenaica, Q. canariensis and Q. macranthera. During this survey, 45 chloroplast variants were detected and are described together with their phylogenetic relationships, but several of these haplotypes were pooled when there were some risks of confusion across laboratories during the survey, and finally 32 remained that were mapped and used in diversity analyses. A strong phylogeographic structure is apparent from the data, where related haplotypes have broadly similar geographic distributions. In total, six cpDNA lineages are identified, which have distinct geographic distributions, mainly along a longitudinal gradient. Most haplotypes found in northern Europe are also present in the south, whereas the converse is not true, suggesting that the majority of mutations observed were generated prior to postglacial recolonisation, corroborating the conclusions of earlier studies. The description of a new western European lineage constitutes a major finding, compared to earlier phylogenetic treatments. Although the eight oak species studied systematically share cpDNA variants when in sympatry, they partition cpDNA diversity differently, as a consequence of their different ecology and life history attributes. Regional differences in levels of differentiation also exist (either species-specific or general); these seem to be related to the intensity of past and present management of the forests across Europe but also to the level of fragmentation of the range within these regions. #
Geographic structure of chloroplast DNA polymorphisms in European oaks
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1993
Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms have been detected by the conventional Southern-blotting hybridization method in four species of European oaks (Quercus petraea, Q. robur, Q. pubescens and Q. pyrenaica). Three polymorphisms, shared by at least three of these species, can be scored directly in ethidium bromidestained gels and were used in a broad survey of the level of differentiation of the oak species and of their pattern of genetic structure in western Europe. The highly significant geographic variation and the high genetic differentiation (Gst=0.895, SGst=0.025) indicate a low level of cytoplasmic gene flow. We conclude that cytoplasmic genomes are well suited for the reconstruction of past migrational routes of such a complex of species.
The Chloroplast DNA Polymorphisms of White Oaks of Section Quercus in The Central Balkans
A total of 444 oak trees from 110 populations from a previously under-sampled area in the central Balkans were analysed using four primer/enzyme combinations which amplified and restricted four, largely non-coding regions of the maternally inherited chloroplast DNA. Using the nomenclature of to classify the haplotypes and lineages, the seven haplotypes that were found in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and southern Kosovo consisted of haplotypes 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 31, as well as the subtypes of haplotypes 4 (a), 5 (a, b, c), and 17 (a). Five of these haplotypes belong to lineage A. One of these, haplotype 5, is present throughout the sampled area. The distributions of the other haplotypes from this lineage are more geographically structured. The other two haplotypes, haplotype 2 and haplotype 17, belong to lineages C and E, respectively. The data are combined with previous data by PETIT et al. (2002 b) to provide more detailed information of the postglacial routes of colonisation taken by oaks in south-eastern Europe.
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
Oak chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation was studied in a grid-based inventory in western Central Europe, including Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, the Czech Republic, and the northern parts of Upper and Lower Austria. A total of 2155 trees representing 426 populations of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. were screened for polymorphism in up to four PCR-amplified cpDNA
Chloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in the alpine region
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
After the last glacial maximum the Alps have represented a major obstacle to the recolonisation of central and northern Europe by flora and fauna surviving in southern refugia. It is also believed that the Alps may have acted as a temporary refugia for some species, harbouring significant genetic variation or allowing the evolution of new genotypes and subspecies. To examine this possibility for white oak species, a total of 1375 samples from 292 locations were sampled in alpine and flanking regions and Switzerland and were assessed for cpDNA variation. Of the oak samples taken, throughout the entire alpine area Quercus robur was found most frequently. Quercus pubescens, widespread in Switzerland, Italy and up to the northern part of the French Alps was found south of 478N and thus absent from Germany and sparse in Austria. Quercus petraea was mainly found in the parts of the Alps west of 128E. Absent in the high elevations of the Austrian Alps Q. petraea and subspecies can be found at the eastern flank of the Alps. A total of 11 different haplotypes were found within the alpine area. Most frequent are different members of lineage A (common in the Balkan refugial area) with haplotype 7 found in 64% of the sample set. Haplotype 5, a more eastern member of the lineage, was found at the eastern flank of the Alps. Approximately 22% of the samples belonged to lineage C (from the Italian refuge), almost all of them were haplotype 1 with the majority crossing the Alps in Switzerland at the Simplon pass. Haplotype 2, the more eastern member of lineage C originating in Italy, is found at low frequency to the east of the Alps and in the Danube valley. Oak from refugial areas in Spain (lineage B) had only a limited impact on the alpine region. In spite of the historical anthropogenic influence in the alpine region, clear tracks of recolonisation were uncovered. In particular, the path of northward migration of oaks from Italy and the major route north of the Alps were clearly elucidated, confirming earlier assessment of pollen core data. However, the direction of migration (east to west or west to east) of oaks from the Balkan (haplotype 7) around the Alps still needs to be resolved. #
Chloroplast DNA variation of white oaks in northern Balkans and in the Carpathian Basin
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
A total of 1113 oak trees from 222 populations originating from eight countries ) were sampled in natural populations or in provenance tests. The sampled trees belong to four different species (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto) and to several putative subspecies. Variation at four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments was studied using restriction enzymes, resulting in the detection of 12 haplotypes. One haplotype was present in 36% of the trees, and six were found in 6-17% of the trees. The haplotypes are shared extensively between species and subspecies. They belong to three different lineages (A, C and E) and are phylogeographically structured in the region investigated. Haplotypes of lineage E dominate to the east of the Carpathian mountains in Romania, whereas the Carpathian Basin seems to have been colonised along several different colonisation routes, from the Balkan peninsula but also from Italy. The data support the possible role of climatic instability during the late glacial period in shaping this complex geographic structure. The presence of several secondary refugia could be inferred in the region, which have played a major role in the second step of recolonisation, at the onset of the Holocene period. #
Chloroplast DNA Diversity of Oak Species in Eastern Romania
Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-napoca, 2010
The chloroplast DNA of 34 sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and 27 pedunculate oak (Q. robur) populations covering the entire natural distribution of the two oak species in Eastern Romania was investigated using four large regions of the chloroplast genome by PCR and RFLP technique. A total of seven chloroplast DNA haplotypes sensu lato have been observed by analysing 305 mature trees. However, due to the high resolution of the electrophoresis method a total of 22 chloroplast variants could have been detected, with new mutations and fragment combinations in two of the amplified regions: psbC/trnD and trnT/trnF. All of the haplotypes belong to the phylogenetic lineages A and E, which originate from the Balkan Peninsula. Most of genetic diversity is distributed among populations (GST=0.779). The chloroplast DNA haplotypes are shared by the two oak species. Different dispersal abilities may explain the higher value of genetic differentiation among populations in sessile oak than in peduncu...
Chloroplast microsatellites as a tool for phylogeographic studies: the case of white oaks in Poland
iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2015
Assessing the distribution of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotype variation is useful for studying the phylogeography of angiosperms. In the last two decades the cpDNA phylogeography of white oaks in Europe has been extensively studied, mostly based on the PCR-RFLP technique. However, PCR-RFLPs have low mutation rates and are primarily useful for reconstructing patterns at large geographical scales and lack resolution at fine spatial scales. Here we evaluate the usefulness of chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSR) as an alternative to PCR-RFLPs in Polish oak populations which have been underrepresented in previous studies. Eighty-five cpSSR haplotypes were detected using 14 cpSSR loci and a broad collection of 6680 trees sampled throughout Poland. Haplotype diversity was significantly lower in Q. petraea (He = 0.798) than in Q. robur (He = 0.820). Only 17 haplotypes (H01-H17) were found in 13 or more individuals, comprising together 97.9% of the sample. Most frequent cpSSR haplotypes were related to PCR-RFLP haplotypes, establishing the cross-references between the two marker systems. There was significant concordance between the matrices of genetic distances obtained by PCR-RFLP haplotypes and cpSSR haplotypes. Phylogenetic relationships among cpSSR haplotypes supported the existence of the three predominant maternal lineages of oaks in Poland: Iberian (7.8%), Apennine (20.6%) and Balkan (65.5%). The results are discussed with regards to the usefulness of cpSSR markers for phylogeographic studies.
Chloroplast DNA variation of white oak in the Baltic countries and Poland
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
In this study we were interested how recolonisation of oak in the Baltic region occurred after the last ice-age. To analyse the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation for white oak species at the more northerly limit of their distribution, a total of 394 samples from 54 locations from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland were assessed for previously characterised as well as newly found cpDNA variation. Of the oak samples taken, Quercus robur was most frequently found throughout the entire Baltic area. Quercus petraea was only found and characterised in Poland.