Identification of Salivary Gland Proteins Depleted after Blood Feeding in the Malaria Vector Anopheles campestris-like Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) (original) (raw)
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PLOS ONE, 2016
Understanding changes in mosquito salivary proteins during the time that sporozoite maturation occurs and after blood feeding may give information regarding the roles of salivary proteins during the malarial transmission. Anopheles dissidens (formerly Anopheles barbirostris species A1) is a potential vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. In this study, analyses of the proteomic profiles of female An. dissidens salivary glands during adult development and after blood feeding were carried out using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed at least 17 major salivary gland proteins present from day one to day 21 post emergence at 8 different time points sampled. Although there was variation observed, the patterns of protein expression could be placed into one of four groups. Fifteen protein spots showed significant depletion after blood feeding with the percentages of the amount of depletion ranging from 8.5% to 68.11%. The overall results identified various proteins, including a putative mucin-like protein, an antiplatelet protein, a long form D7 salivary protein, a putative gVAG protein precursor, a D7related 3.2 protein, gSG7 salivary proteins, and a gSG6 protein. These results allow better understanding of the changes of the salivary proteins during the adult mosquito development. They also provide candidate proteins to investigate any possible link or not between sporozoite maturation, or survival of skin stage sporozoites, and salivary proteins.
Insect–malaria parasites interactions: the salivary gland
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2004
Mosquito salivary glands are organs specialized in the production of a complex mix of molecules that digest carbohydrates from plant nectars, and facilitate blood feeding by the lubrication of mouthparts and the inhibition of homeostasis. Malaria sporozoites invade salivary glands and are injected with the saliva into vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. Sporozoites utilize molecules on their surface coat and outer pellicle membrane to adhere and invade specific regions of the salivary gland lobes. They transverse the secretory cells and are stored in the salivary duct, where transcription of new genes prepares them for vertebrate host invasion. Although it is probably that specific carbohydrate molecules on the surface of salivary glands function as parasites receptors, these have not been identified, neither other molecules nor mechanisms used by the parasite to invade, survive and mature within these organs. The recent advances in the sequence of the genomes of Anopheles gambiae and Plasmodium falciparum, and new developments in genomics and proteomics may help to elucidate the participating molecules, their regulation and interactions.
Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1992
Sporozoites are an invasive stage of the malaria parasite in both the mosquito vector and the vertebrate host. We developed an in vivo assay for mosquito salivary gland invasion by preparing Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites from infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under physiological conditions and inoculating them into uninfected female Ae. aegypti. Sporozoites from mature oocysts were isolated from mosquito abdomens 10 or 11 d after an infective blood meal. Salivary gland sporozoites were isolated 13 or 14 d after an infective blood meal. Purified oocyst sporozoites that were inoculated into uninfected female mosquitoes invaded their salivary glands. Using the same assay system, sporozoites derived from salivary glands did not reinvade the salivary glands after inoculation. Conversely, as few as 10 to 50 salivary gland sporozoites induced infection in chickens, while only 2 of 10 chickens inoculated with 5,000 oocyst sporozoites were infected. Both sporozoite populations were found to express a circumsporozoite protein on the sporozoite surface as determined by immunofluorescence assay and circumsporozoite precipitation test using a circumsporozoite protein-specific monoclonal antibody. We conclude that molecules other than this circumsporozoite protein may be responsible for the differential invasion of mosquito salivary glands or infection of the vertebrate host.
Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1999
The sporozoite penetration process of a rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei, into the salivary glands of the vector mosquito, Anopheles stephensi and sporozoite distribution in the cytoplasm and secretory cavity in the distal region of salivary glands were observed with a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. In non-infected mosquitoes, many swellings were observed on the outer surface of the median lobes of salivary glands, whereas many shallow depressions were observed on the lateral lobes. In infected mosquitoes, sporozoites were concentrated on the distal region of median and lateral lobes of salivary glands and penetration occurred from the anterior end into both lobes. Sporozoites have passed were observed on the surface of both median and lateral lobes. A white powder like substance, which might come from the holes, covered the surface of both lobes. Sporozoites invading the cytoplasm of the salivary gland cells were surrounded with vacuoles. These sporozoites invaded the secretory cavity and lodged to form bundles.
The Effects of A Mosquito Salivary Protein on Sporozoite Traversal of Host Cells
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2020
Malaria begins when Plasmodium-infected Anopheles mosquitoes take a blood meal on a vertebrate. During the initial probing process, mosquitoes inject saliva and sporozoites into the host skin. Components of mosquito saliva have the potential to influence sporozoite functionality. Sporozoite-associated mosquito saliva protein 1 (SAMSP1; AGAP013726) was among several proteins identified when sporozoites were isolated from saliva, suggesting it may have an effect on Plasmodium. Recombinant SAMSP1 enhanced sporozoite gliding and cell traversal activity in vitro. Moreover, SAMSP1 decreased neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo and in vitro, thereby also exerting an influence on the host environment in which the sporozoites reside. Active or passive immunization of mice with SAMSP1 or SAMSP1 antiserum diminished the initial Plasmodium burden after infection. Passive immunization of mice with SAMSP1 antiserum also added to the protective effect of a circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody. SA...
Nature communications, 2018
The key step during the initiation of malaria is for motile Plasmodium parasites to exit the host dermis and infect the liver. During transmission, the parasites in the form of sporozoites, are injected together with mosquito saliva into the skin. However, the contribution of vector saliva to sporozoite activity during the establishment of the initial infection of the liver is poorly understood. Here we identify a vector protein by mass spectrometry, with similarity to the human gamma interferon inducible thiol reductase (GILT), that is associated with saliva sporozoites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes and has a negative impact on the speed and cell traversal activity of Plasmodium. This protein, referred to as mosquito GILT (mosGILT) represents an example of a protein found in mosquito saliva that may negatively influence sporozoite movement in the host and could lead to new approaches to prevent malaria.
Asian biomedicine
Background: Vector control is a key strategy for eradication of filariasis, but it is limited, possibly due to rapid propagation from global warming. In Thailand, Mansonia mosquitoes are major vectors of filariasis caused by Brugia malayi filarial nematodes. However, little is yet known about vector biology and host-parasite relationship. Objectives: Demonstrate the preliminary data of salivary gland morphology and protein profile of human filarial mosquitoes M uniformis. Methods: Morphology of M. uniformis salivary gland in both sexes was comparatively studied under a light microscope. Total protein quantization and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to compare protein profile between male and female. In addition, quantitative analysis prior to and after blood feeding was made at different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours) Results: Total salivary gland protein of males and females was 0.32+/-0.03 and 1.38+/-0.02 mu g/pair g...
Salivary gland proteins of the human malaria vector, Anopheles dirus B (Diptera: Culicidae)
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 2007
Salivary gland proteins of the human malaria vector, Anopheles dirus B were determined and analyzed. The amount of salivary gland proteins in mosquitoes aged between 3 - 10 days was approximately 1.08 ± 0.04 µg/female and 0.1 ± 0.05 µg/male. The salivary glands of both sexes displayed the same morphological organization as that of other anopheline mosquitoes. In females, apyrase accumulated in the distal regions, whereas alpha-glucosidase was found in the proximal region of the lateral lobes. This differential distribution of the analyzed enzymes reflects specialization of different regions for sugar and blood feeding. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that at least seven major proteins were found in the female salivary glands, of which each morphological region contained different major proteins. Similar electrophoretic protein profiles were detected comparing unfed and blood-fed mosquitoes, suggesting that there is no specific protein induced by blood. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ...
Analysis of Salivary Gland Proteins of the Mosquito Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2001
The salivary proteins of Anopheles darlingi Root, the principal vector of malaria in the Amazon Region, Brazil, were analyzed. Comparison of the protein proÞles between adult males and females revealed that most of the polypeptides are present in both sexes, but female-speciÞc polypeptides also were observed. SDS-PAGE analysis of sugar-fed female mosquitoes with ages varying from 1 to 10 d after adult emergence indicated that the proteins start to be accumulated in the Þrst day of life and are present throughout the period analyzed. Analysis of blood-fed mosquitoes showed no differences in salivary proteins when compared with sugar fed ones, suggesting that there is no speciÞc protein induced by blood. The protein proÞles of the salivary glands dissected from wild-caught female mosquitoes from different geographical regions of Brazil were compared and some differences were observed.