Armenian Diaspora and the Quest for Armenian Genocide Recognition (original) (raw)

2021, GRFDT Research Monograph Series

Abstract

One of the major roles of the diasporas is to act as a bridge between the population of the home country and the international arena. It also acts a lobby of foreign policy for the home country which helps to initiate its national interest in the region of its concerns. Another role connected to the foreign policy and the home country is the maintenance of memory and recognition of various important events of the home country. One such nation which has strong linkages between the memory, recognition and foreign policy is Armenia. One of the major components of the Armenian Foreign policy has been the recognition of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The Armenian Genocide Recognition has been a demand which has been a focus for by Armenians in Armenia as well as the diaspora for more than a century. The diaspora with respect to genocide recognition have played a very important role particularly seen in various countries including the United States of America, Russia and France. Various organizations like the Armenian National Committee of America are prime example of diaspora involvement in the recognition process. Famous Armenians of the diaspora in the political sphere and social sphere play an important role in the recognition process. This article will focus on the role played by the Armenian diaspora when it comes to the recognition of the Armenian Genocide ranging from its successes to its various limitations and what is the future of the recognition of the Armenian Genocide with respect to the Armenian diaspora.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (77)

  1. F. (2012, Feburary 2nd). French genocide law 'unconstitutional' rules court. Retrieved from France 24: https://www.france24.com/en/20120228-france- turkey-genocide-armenia-sarkozy-freedom-expression
  2. Adalian, R. P. (1989). The Historical Evolution of the Armenian Diasporas. Journal of Modern Hellenism, 81. Adalian, R. P. (2021). Young Turks and the Armenian Genocide. Retrieved from Armenian National Institute: https://www.armenian-genocide.org/young\_turks.html Adamson, F. B. (2016). The Growing Importance of Diaspora Politics. Current History, 291-297.
  3. Affairs, O. o. (2021). Diaspora-United States of Ameirca. Yerevan: Officer of the High Commisioner For Diaspora Affairs.
  4. Akçam, T. (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropoliton Books.
  5. Am, N. (2019, Feburary 6th). Macron declares April 24 Armenian Genocide commemoration day in France. Retrieved from News Am: https://news.am/eng/ news/494731.html
  6. America, A. A. (2020). About Us. Retrieved from Armenian Assembly of America: https://armenian- assembly.org/about-us/
  7. America, A. G. (2020). About Us. Retrieved from Armenian Genocide Museum of America: http://www. armeniangenocidemuseum.org/#C1S1
  8. America, A. N. (2020). Proflie. Retrieved from Armenian National Commitee of America: https://anca. org/about-anca/profile/
  9. America, A. N. (2020). U.S. Policy on Genocide | Truth & Justice. Retrieved from Armenian National Committee of America: https://anca.org/issue/u-s- policy-on-genocide-truth-justice/
  10. Apcar, L. M. (2008, November 17th). A pilgrimage to Calcutta recalls Armenian history. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes. com/2008/11/17/world/asia/17iht-calcutta.1.17889672. html Armenia, T. P. (2021). The first President of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved from The President of the Republic of Armenia: https://www.president.am/en/ levon-ter-petrosyan/ Asbarez. (2005, September 26th). System of A Down to Rally for Vote on Armenian Genocide Legislation. Retrieved from Asbarez: https://asbarez. com/52702/system-of-a-down-to-rally-for-vote-on- armenian-genocide-legislation/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk_ _=7e3a59fc6033fac9371fcb81e325f6f72d5742b2- 1602761651-0-AY_hArWdhYrRPqHMb9cx-BGBp hH00a7kC3pbh8GGbnOgmfefMbxyBBgY4OmDU- n7eGlaKcQATDnTvZ7_QIN2zr
  11. Assembly, N. (2006). Armenian genocide of 1915. Paris: National Assembly.
  12. Assembly, U. N. (1948). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Washington : United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/ genocideprevention/genocide.html
  13. Atabekyan, H. (2017, March 23rd). The Armenian Diaspora:Exploring its Legacy for the Future. Retrieved from EVN Report: https://www.evnreport. com/economy/the-armenian-diaspora
  14. Bakalian, A. (2011). Armenian Americans. New York: Routledge.
  15. Balakian, P. (2013). Raphael Lemkin, Cultural Destruction, and the Armenian Genocide. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 57-89.
  16. Balakian, P. (2016, April 19th). Home. Retrieved from Literary Hub: https://lithub.com/home-a-poem-by- peter-balakian/
  17. Bloxham, D. (2003). Determinants of the Armenian Genocide. In R. G. Hovannisian, Looking Backward, Moving Forward (pp. 23-51). London: Transaction Publishers.
  18. Bolsajian, M. (2018). The Armenian Diaspora:Migration and its Influence on Identity and Politics. Global Societies , 30-40.
  19. Caplan, L. (2012). Where Have all the Indo-Armenians Gone? International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies.
  20. Cogan, K. (2019, August 15th). In France's second city, a vibrant outpost of Armenian culture. Retrieved from Eurasia Net: https://eurasianet.org/in-frances-second- city-a-vibrant-outpost-of-armenian-culture
  21. Cohen, R. (1996). Diasporas and the State. International Affairs, 507-20.
  22. Cohen, R. (1997). Global Diasporas; An Introduction. Coventry: Routledge.
  23. Complex, T. M. (n.d.). Description and History. Retrieved June 11th, 2019, from The Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute Foundation: http://www. genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history. php Dictionary, T. A. (2020). Diaspora. Retrieved from The American Heritage Dictionary : https://www. ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=diaspora Dufoix, S. (2008). Diasporas. California: University of California Press.
  24. Edmund Herzig, M. K. (2004). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. New York: ROutledge.
  25. Encyclopedia, H. (2020). World War I and the Armenian Genocide. Retrieved from United States Holocaust Memorial Museum : https://encyclopedia.ushmm. org/content/en/article/world-war-i-and-the-armenian- genocide Federation, F. A. (1995). Russia Duma Resolution. Moscow: State Duma of Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation*.
  26. Fien, B. (2021, May 3rd). Armenia has refused to open their archives': US lawyer. (K. Illeri, Interviewer)
  27. Foundation, A.-2. (2003). Diaspora-Homeland Issue. Yerevan: Armenia2020 Coordination Board.
  28. Garagozov, R. (2008). Historical Narratives, Cultural Traditions, and Collective Memory in the Central Caucasus. . Journal of Russian and East European Psychology .
  29. Gauin, M. (2011). Remembering the Orly Attack . Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika , 113-139.
  30. Gladstone, C. E. (2019, October 29th). House Passes Resolution Recognizing Armenian Genocide. Retrieved from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes. com/2019/10/29/us/politics/armenian-genocide- resolution.html Govindarajan, V. (2017, August 22nd). Paper trail: How the world's first Armenian journal emerged in Madras in 1794. Retrieved from The Scroll: https://scroll.in/ magazine/845597/paper-trail-how-the-worlds-first- armenian-journal-emerged-in-madras-in-1794
  31. Gunter, M. M. (2011). Armenian History and the Armenian Genocide. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
  32. Heinzelmann, M. (2001). Gregory of Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  33. House, T. W. (2021, April 24th). Statement by President Joe Biden on Armenian Remembrance Day. Retrieved from The White House : https://www.whitehouse. gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/24/ statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-armenian- remembrance-day/
  34. Hovannisian, R. G. (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. New York: St Martin Press.
  35. Hyland, F. P. (1991). Armenian Terrorism: The Past, The Present, The Prospects. San Francisco: Westview Press.
  36. India, E. o. (2019). Conference on Armenian Genocide organized in New Delhi. New Delhi\: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Armenia.
  37. Institute, A. G. (2020). Armenian Genocide Memorials --United States. Washington DC: Armenian Genocide Institute.
  38. Institute, A. N. (2020). Mission and Objectives. Retrieved from Armenian National Institute: https:// www.armenian-genocide.org/mission.html
  39. International, E. M. (2005). Resolution on the Armenian Genocide. Brussels: European Movement International.
  40. Jaffe, M. (2014, October 24th). Armenian-American lobby is powerful, despite overt support of Iran, Russia and opposition to Israel, Azerbaijan. Retrieved from The Times of Israel: https://blogs.timesofisrael. com/armenian-american-lobby-is-powerful-despite- overt-support-of-iran-russia-and-opposition-to-israel- azerbaijan/ John Block Friedman, K. M. (2017). Trade, travel and exploration in the Middle Ages: An encyclopedia. Oxford: Routledge .
  41. Jones, A. (2011). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  42. Kasbarian, S. (2015). "The Myth and Reality of "Return" --Diaspora in the "Homeland"." . Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies,, 358-381.
  43. Knox, O. (2014, April 24th). Obama breaks promise (again) to commemorate Armenian 'genocide'. Retrieved from Yahoo News: https://news.yahoo.com/ obama-breaks-promise--again--to-commemorate- a r m e n i a n --g e n o c i d e -1 5 5 1 2 8 8 3 4 . h t m l ? g u c e _ referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_ A A A M V n t Y 8 o o Ya z v -p 9 _ a x 5 n X h 5 t j _ s P h 3 i L Y 4 f a R r 2 W A _ UwlyV7fPtpuZ1Y1ujgPbHHnTr829F9_-RIi_ dWyqEQoB-S Manaseryan, T. (2004). Diaspora The Comperative Advantage for Armenia. Armenian International Policy Research, 1-22.
  44. Marichal, J. (2020, September 11th). History of the Armenian Diaspora. Retrieved from Biblicomentarios: https://noticias.biblicomentarios.com/history-of-the- armenian-diaspora/
  45. Martirosyan, S. (2014). Armenians in the World Today: the Formation of the Big Diaspora. Open Space, 57-61.
  46. MassisPost. (2015, April 14th). Cher Urges Turkish Government to Recognize Armenian Genocide. Retrieved from MassisPost: https://massispost. com/2015/04/cher-urges-turkish-government-to- recognize-armenian-genocide/
  47. Matiossian, V. (2012, August 31st). Teotig: The First Historian of Armenian Printing. Retrieved from The Armenian Weekly: https://armenianweekly. com/2012/08/31/teotig/ McGuinness, D. (2013, March 22nd). Armenians flee Syria for their ancestral homeland. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21844351
  48. Meilvin Ember, C. E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Museum-Institute, A. G. (2013). Provincial Governments. Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Museum- Institute .
  49. Nations, U. (2019). Armenia. Retrieved from United Nations: http://data.un.org/en/iso/am.html
  50. Nersassian, S. D. (1962). The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia. In K. M. Setton, A History of the Crusades Vol II (pp. 630-631). Philadelphia: Philadelphia University Press.
  51. Net, P. A. (2012, September 6th). ANI expands Armenian Genocide memorials data base. Retrieved from Pan Armenian Net: https://panarmenian.net/m/ eng/news/121825
  52. News, D. (2015, April 25th). Erdogan lashes out at West and Russia for recognizing Armenian killings as genocide. Retrieved from DW News: https:// www.dw.com/en/erdogan-lashes-out-at-west- and-russia-for-recognizing-armenian-killings-as- genocide/a-18408666
  53. Oktem, E. (2011). Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire? Leiden Journal of International Law, 561-583.
  54. Panossian, R. (1998). Between Ambivalance and Intrusion: Politics and Identity in Armenia-Diaspora Relations. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies , 149-196.
  55. Panossian, R. (2006). The ArmeniansFrom Kings and Prieststo Merchantsand Commissars. London: Hurst and Company.
  56. Papazian, D. (2000). Armenians in America. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 311-347.
  57. Paris, B. (1998, May 29th). France recognises Armenian genocide. Retrieved from BBC News: http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/102803.stm
  58. Parthasarathy, A. (2013, July 30th). Merchants on a mission. Retrieved from The Hindiu: https://www. thehindu.com/features/metroplus/merchants-on-a- mission/article4970153.ece
  59. Pattie, S. P. (2004). Armenians in diaspora. In E. H. Kurkchiyan, The Armenians Past and Present in the Making of National Identity (p. 126). New York: Routledge.
  60. Putin, V. (2020, October 7th). Interview with Rossiya TV channel. (P. Zarubin, Interviewer)
  61. Rainer Munz, R. O. (2003). Diasporas and Ethnic Migrants: German, Israel, and Post-Soviet Successor States in Comparative Perspective. London: Frank Cass. Reagan, R. (1981). Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust. Washington DC: President of the United States of America.
  62. Representatives, U. S. (1975). Joint Resolution 148. Washington DC: United States Congress.
  63. Representatives, U. S. (1984). Joint Resolution 247. Washington DC: United States Congress.
  64. Roache, M. (2021, April 27th). What Biden's Recognition of Armenian Genocide Means to Armenian-Americans. Retrieved from Time: https://time.com/5959135/biden- armenia-genocide/ Roychowdhury, A. (2020, October 17th). Why India is special to Armenians: Their land of prosperity. Retrieved from Indian Express: https://indianexpress. com/article/research/armenian-india-history- azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-conflict-6754223/ lite/?__twitter_impression=true
  65. Russia, P. o. (2015). Vladimir Putin took part in memorial events commemorating 100 years since the Armenian genocide. Moscow: Kremlin.
  66. Saikia, M. (2021, May 2nd). Armenian genocide: A question of nomenclature. Retrieved from The Pioneer: https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/columnists/ armenian-genocide--a-question-of-nomenclature.html Saroyan, W. (1936). The Armenian & the Armenian. New York: Random House.
  67. Sassounian, H. (2010). Genocide Recognition and a Quest for Justice. Comparitve Law Review, 115-122.
  68. Secretary, O. o. (2015, April 21st). President Obama Announces Presidential Delegation to the Republic of Armenia to Attend the Centennial Commemoration of the Events of 1915. Retrieved from The White House: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the- press-office/2015/04/21/president-obama-announces- presidential-delegation-republic-armenia-atten Shahnazarian, N. (2013). Letters from the Soviet 'Paradise': The Image of Russia among the Western. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 8-17.
  69. Staff, R. (2015, November 25th). Russian deputies seek accountability for Armenia genocide denial. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.
  70. Suny, R. G. (1993). Looking Towards Ararat: Armenia in Mordern History. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
  71. Sykes, S. (2015, April 10th). Kim Kardashian raises awareness of Armenian genocide on centenary of massacres. Retrieved from Express: https:// comps.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/569652/Kim- Kardashian-raises-awareness-of-Armenian-genocide- on-centenary-of-massacres Union, A. G. (2020). Genocide Museum. Retrieved from Armenian General Benevolent Union: https:// GRFDT Research Monograph 73, Vol 7, Number 1, January 2021 www.agbu.am/en/project-programs-2/cultural-13-eng/ genocide-museum-13-pr
  72. Union, A. G. (2020). Our Mission. Retrieved from Armenian General Benevolent Union : https://www. agbu.am/en/about-2/mission
  73. Unit, P. (2015). Grand Chamber judgment in the case of Perinçek v. Switzerland. Strasborg: European Court of Human Rights.
  74. Vartan, M. (2015). The Armenians in America. California: Creative Media Partners.
  75. Voss, H. v. (2007 ). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. New York: Berghahn Books.
  76. Zaman, T. (2011, October 14th). Sarkozy in bid to make up for Armenia remarks through aide. Retrieved from Today Zaman: http://www.todayszaman.com/ news-259860-sarkozy-in-bid-to-make-up-for-armenia- remarks-through-aide.html
  77. Zenian, D. (1995, March 1st). The Armenians of France. Retrieved from The Armenian General Benevolent Union: https://agbu.org/news-item/the-armenians-of- france/ Zenian, D. (2001). The Armenians of India: an historical legacy. Armenian General Benovolent Union.