Acid hydrolysis as a strategy to increase the extraction of carbohydrates from macroalgae (original) (raw)
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Concepts and Trends for Extraction and Application of Microalgae Carbohydrates
Microalgae - From Physiology to Application, 2020
The proposed chapter aims to provide a more in-depth explanation of the composition of carbohydrates in microalgae biomass, focusing on separation methods, chemistry, molecular characterization, as well as their application in several areas. The purpose of this review chapter is to show that biological products from microalgae have potential in health, food, and industry applications (materials and biofuel production). Steps for extraction and purification will be discussed, as well as the relationship between the type of microalgae and its composition, as a way of optimizing protocol selection and product making, without breaking down the cell to begin with (total carbohydrate extraction present in the cell). An overall overview of the current and prospective trends and methodologies for the use of microalgae carbohydrate will be included as starting points to shed light on some of the possible issues that currently do not allow the development and feasibility of microalgae biorefineries.
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2024
The production of high-value products from microalgae, one of the preferred emerging biorefineries' feedstocks, relies on the crucial step of biomass fractionation. In this work, the fractionation of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus biomass was tested for protein extraction using a wide range of physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatment combinations, including ultrasound, cell homogenizer, cellulase, and alcalase combinations in aqueous and alkali extraction conditions. The impact of these processes on biomass carbohydrates was also evaluated. Alkaline-assisted ultrasound treatments using alcalase presented the highest protein extraction yield, reaching 90 g/100 g protein on C. vulgaris, closely followed by the same treatment in aqueous conditions (85 g/100 g protein). The same aqueous treatment achieved the best performance on S. obliquus, reaching 82 g/100 g protein. All treatments on both microalgae partially solubilized the polysaccharide fraction with all alkaline treatments solubilizing over 50 g/100 g sugars for all conditions. Overall, all the treatments applied were effective methods for biomass fractionation, although they showed low selectivity regarding the individual extraction of protein or carbohydrates.
Kinetic Study of Subcritical Water Extraction of Carbohydrate from Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp
2021
Microalgae contain a significant amount of carbohydrates that can be converted further to produce valuable compounds. To extract carbohydrates from microalgae, subcritical water extraction (SWE) is a viable and novel method. Compared to other existing chemical and biological extraction methods, SWE is more economical, effective, and efficient in terms of process conditions. This process uses high temperature and pressure of water at just below supercritical conditions to keep water at a liquid state. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the extraction yield of carbohydrates from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. using the SWE process. The extraction was carried out at a temperature of 160 – 320 C, a duration of 5 – 25 min, and microalgal biomass loading of 5 25% w/v. The kinetics study was conducted in an extraction time of 5 – 25 min at 200 C and 5% (w/v) biomass loading. A simplified kinetic model based on a consecutive reaction was used to describe carbohydrate pro...
Conventional vs. Innovative Protocols for the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Macroalgae
Sustainability
Macroalgae are one of the most environmentally friendly resources, and their industrial by-products should also be sustainable. Algal polysaccharides represent valuable products, and the definition of new eco-sustainable extraction processes, ensuring a safe and high-quality product, is a new goal in the context of reducing the carbon footprint. The aim of the present work was to determine the influence of the extraction methodology on the properties and structure of the polysaccharides, comparing conventional and innovative microwave-assisted methods. We focused on extraction times, yield, chemical composition and, finally, biological activities of raw polymers from three macroalgal species of Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyceae. The main objective was to design a sustainable process in terms of energy and time savings, with the aim of developing subsequent application at the industrial level. Extraction efficacy was likely dependent on the physico-chemical polysaccharide prop...
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2nd International Conference on Biological Research and Applied Science
Collagen is a structural protein present in connective tissue of our body. Production of collagen decline leading to sagging skin, weak bones and loose muscles strength and Osteoporosis mostly in females. Vital supplement Intake improves skin health strength muscles and bones, also Intake for fitness and bodybuilding. It also helps in the formation of Collagen in our body naturally. This supplement also contains Ascorbic acid, the most active form of Vitamin C which also helps in the production of Collagen by boost the formation of Hydroxyproline. By adding Tryptophan as essential amino acid to the supplement, the requirement of our body is fulfilled as Tryptophan can't produce in our body but we have to intake it as a source of diet or supplement, it also boost the production of collagen. These amino acids can extract by using a BioSource which is Spirulina platensis in a form of protein. Initiation from Raw Cultured Spirulina into powder form after maceration an extract obtain in which cells are disrupted, to get more components of cell, Sonication plays its role. By which the separation of Biomass with Lipids performing centrifugation help to get the maximum amount of them. For the extraction of Protein from extracted liquid biomass FPLC play its role and for the extraction of amino acids,RP-HPLC is used and for solidifying Lyophilization will perform.
An effective method for harvesting of marine microalgae: pH induced flocculation
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2017
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for biofuels production and other applications; however, the high costs associated with algal biomass separation hinder its large scale development. The application of an effective and inexpensive harvesting method is essential for achieving a viable process. For this reason, the mechanism of pH induced flocculation for Skeletonema Costatum and Chaetoceros Gracilis microalgae has been evaluated in this research. Acid pH values (2e6) and basic pH values (8e12) have been tested for both species. Almost a total algal biomass recovery has been reached for the highest pH values (11, 11.5 and 12); while a maximum biomass recovery, around 60%, has been achieved for acid pH values, for both species. Salinity effect on harvesting efficiency has also been tested. Minor effects have been detected for long time intervals. After biomass separation, oil extraction was conducted using two different techniques: ultrasound and Soxhlet. Similar yields were obtained with two techniques. In addition, chromatographic analysis of algal oil showed that all fatty acids present are saturated. Thus, the obtained results showed that pH induced flocculation could be a promising harvesting method. The two studied algal species appear to be a potential and suitable raw material for obtaining lipids.
Green extraction of microalgae components for incorporation in food and feed supplements
2021
Microalgae have been long recognized as potential food and feed solution, since they are able to meet the population growth on demand for a more sustainable food and feed, especially with respect to protein production. In addition, bioactive components, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), with well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, can be extracted and incorporated in food supplements. Microalgae cultivation and processing becomes even more sustainable if simultaneously coupled to green technologies for the environmental protection. One of the most promising techniques is the supercritical fluid extraction which allows to extract bioactive compounds without loss of their activity and free from extraction solvents. In this work, a pilot scale supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) extraction plant was exploited for performing the extraction of active components from microalgae biomass potentially usable in the food and the feed sectors. Nannochloropsis gaditana microalga was se...
Comparative evaluation and selection of a method for lipid and fatty acid extraction from macroalgae
Analytical Biochemistry, 2011
A comparative evaluation of Bligh and Dyer, Folch, and Cequier-Sánchez methods for quantitative determination of total lipids (TLs) and fatty acids (FAs) was accomplished in selective green (Ulva fasciata), red (Gracilaria corticata), and brown algae (Sargassum tenerrimum) using a full factorial categorical design. Applications of sonication and buffer individually on lipid extraction solvent systems were also evaluated. The FA recoveries obtained from the aforementioned methods were compared with those of direct transesterification (DT) methods to identify the best extraction methods. The experimental design showed that macroalgal matrix, extraction method, and buffer were key determinants for TL and FA recoveries (P 6 0.05), exhibiting significant interactions. But sonication gave erratic results with no interaction with any of the factors investigated. The buffered solvent system of Folch rendered the highest TL yield in U. fasciata and G. corticata while the buffered system of Bligh and Dyer gave the highest yield in S. tenerrimum. DT methods were more convenient and accurate for FA quantification and rendered 1.5-2 times higher yields when compared with the best conventional method, minimizing the use of chlorinated solvents, their cost of analysis, and disposal. The buffered solvent system was found to be the most appropriate for lipid research in macroalgae.
2019
Biorefineries intends to utilize algal biomass and their by-products at industrial scale. The macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii has high content of carrageenan, which is a polysaccharide hydrocolloid, serving as a raw material for the production of third generation biofuels, food and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study is to show that besides these products, there is the potential for the production of a fourth generation biofuel. Two strains, brown and red, were selected based on their high growth rates and productivity and were treated with 6 % KOH for extraction carrageenan extraction. The results of the chemical composition of this residue show that there is considerable amount of fermentable sugar in the carrageenan extraction residue. The glucan conversion was 100 % for both strains, and the concentrations of glucose from the brown and red strains were 13.7 and 11.5 g L −1 , respectively. The results highlight the efficiency of generating a key bioproduct from carrageenan residue. This would save the carrageenan that can be used for as a food thickener as it has been used for centuries. Thus, the biorefinery of K. alvarezii can be exploited not only to produce carrageenan, but also to generate glucose for future use in biofuel production.