Characterization of activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch using BET and FT-IR techniques (original) (raw)
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB); a renewable agricultural waste material's potential was harnessed for adsorption of Acid Red 1 (AR1). Potassium hydroxide was impregnated on the precursor (OPEFB) for the production of activated carbon through chemical activation method under inert atmosphere of nitrogen. Activation temperature, chemical impregnation ratio (KOH:char) IR, and activation time were the preparation conditions investigated in this study. Central composite design (CDD) was used to develop two models which were used for determination of effects of selected conditions of preparation of OPEFB activated carbon yield and its performance in adsorbing AR1. Adsorption capacity of 197.62 mg/g (98.81%) and 19.12% yield were obtained at activation temperature of 820 O C, IR 2.5 and 140 min. There was good correlation between the experimental results and the predicted models obtained. The Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis of the activated carbon prepared at optimum conditions had a surface area of 820 m 2 /g, total pore volume of 0.52 cm 3 /g and scanning electron microscopy SEM was carried out to determine its surface morphology that enhance adsorption of AR1 on OPEFB activated carbon.
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009
Powdered activated carbons (PACs) were produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) by varying the operating parameters of temperatures, CO 2 gas flow rates and activation times using 2-level full factorial experimental design. The EFB samples were first carbonized for 30 min using nitrogen gas followed by physical activation using CO 2 to optimize best production conditions. The optimum conditions for PACs produced were investigated through adsorption tests on aqueous solution of phenol. The results of this study demonstrated that the activation temperature with the range of 800-900 • C had the most significant effect on the adsorption characteristics as well as the yield of the activated carbon produced. Based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and model equation developed, the optimum production conditions for the EFB PAC were found to be at the activation temperature of 900 • C with CO 2 gas flow rate of 0.1 L/min and activation time of 15 min. Characterization of PAC produced showed that the activation conditions would find good-quality adsorbent with the BTE surface area of 345.1 m 2 /g and well forming pores distribution.
The Scientific World Journal, 2013
Activated carbons can be produced from different precursors, including coals of different ranks, and lignocellulosic materials, by physical or chemical activation processes. The objective of this paper is to characterize oil-palm shells, as a biomass byproduct from palm-oil mills which were converted into activated carbons by nitrogen pyrolysis followed by CO 2 activation. The effects of no holding peak pyrolysis temperature on the physical characteristics of the activated carbons are studied. The BET surface area of the activated carbon is investigated using N 2 adsorption at 77 K with selected temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 ∘ C. These pyrolysis conditions for preparing the activated carbons are found to yield higher BET surface area at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 ∘ C compared to selected commercial activated carbon. The activated carbons thus result in well-developed porosities and predominantly microporosities. By using this activation method, significant improvement can be obtained in the surface characteristics of the activated carbons. Thus this study shows that the preparation time can be shortened while better results of activated carbon can be produced.
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2018
The feasibility of biomass-based activated carbons has received a huge attention due to their excellent characteristics such as inexpensiveness, good adsorption behaviour and potential to reduce a strong dependency towards non-renewable precursors. Therefore, in this research work, eco-friendly activated carbon from palm kernel shell that has been produced from one-stage physical activation by using the Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology is highlighted. The effect of three input parameters-temperature, dwell time and gas flow rate-towards product yield and carbon dioxide (CO) uptake at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are studied. Model accuracy has been evaluated through the ANOVA analysis and lack-of-fit test. Accordingly, the optimum condition in synthesising the activated carbon with adequate CO adsorption capacity of 2.13 mmol/g and product yield of 25.15 wt% is found at a temperature of 850 °C, holding time of 60 min and CO flow rate of 450 cm/min. The...
2016
The sequestration of CO2 from exhaust gas using oil palm shell (OPS) and oil palm fiber (OPF) as potential raw materials for the preparation of activated carbon was investigated. Chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was employed for the preparation of activated carbon. The functional group in the activated carbon was determined using Fourier Infrared Spectrometer. The effects of various factors namely contact time, adsorbent dosage, and adsorbent particle size was studied to identify the adsorption capacity of oil palm shell (OPS) and oil palm fiber (OPF). The FTIR spectra of the activated carbon indicated the presence of hydroxyl, phenols, carboxyl, carbonyl, lactones, pyrones, and anhydride groups. The percentage of CO2 adsorbed was found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, contact time and particle size. The highest amount of CO2 captured within the range of parameters studied was >50%. The adsorption process showed that both precursors were effective in the capt...
Energies
The results of the advanced computer analysis of the influence of time and gas atmosphere of the chemical activation process on the microporous structure formation of activated carbons prepared from oil palm shell via microwave irradiation and activation, using potassium hydroxide as an activation agent, are presented in this paper. The quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) and the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) methods were used especially in the analysis of the microporous structure of the activated carbons, taking into account the surface heterogeneity, and the results obtained were confronted with the simple results achieved earlier using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and T-plot methods. On the basis of the computer analysis carried out and taking into account the results obtained, it has been shown that the material with the best adsorption properties and suitable for practical industrial applications is activated carbon obtained in a gaseou...
Adsorption capability of activated carbon synthesized from coconut shell
Carbon letters, 2016
Activated carbon was synthesized from coconut shells. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of the synthesized activated carbon was found to be 1640 m 2 /g with a pore volume of 1.032 cm 3 /g. The average pore diameter of the activated carbon was found to be 2.52 nm. By applying the size-strain plot method to the X-ray diffraction data, the crystallite size and the crystal strain was determined to be 42.46 nm and 0.000489897, respectively, which indicate a perfect crystallite structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy image showed the presence of well-developed pores on the surface of the activated carbon. The presence of important functional groups was shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum. The adsorption of methyl orange onto the activated carbon reached 100% after 12 min. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption of methyl orange solution by the activated carbon followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism (R 2 > 0.995). Therefore, the results show that the produced activated carbon can be used as a proper adsorbent for dye containing effluents.
Production of Activated Carbon from Palm Oil Shell Waste and Its Adsorption Characteristics
The effects of raw material treatment and concentration of phosphoric acid on the characteristics of activated carbon were investigated. Adsorptions of Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd in activated carbon were carried out to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of selected activated carbons. It was found that treated raw material reduces inorganic element and increases Brunet Elmer Teller (BET) surface area of the activated carbon. The optimum BET surface area was achieved with following conditions; 30% phosphoric acid concentration, treated raw material, and activation temperature of 500 o C with holding time of 2 hours. The optimum BET surface area and the average pore diameter were found to be 1058 m 2 g -1 and 20.64nm, respectively. The pore size distribution of the activated carbon by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also confirmed to these conditions. Thermal stability of these samples was investigated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The maximum thermal stability was observed up to 600 o C. Adsorption studies for activated carbon impregnated with 30% H 3 PO 4 in the application of filter system confirm the adsorbing capacity of activated carbon. In this study, it was observed 100% of Cr was adsorbed followed by Pb (99.8 %), Cd (99.5 %) and Cu (25 %).
Production of Activated Carbon from Carbonaceous Agricultural Waste Material: Coconut Fibres
Activated carbon was produced from Cocos nucifera (coconut) fibers by carbonization and activation processes. The sample was first pretreated before carbonization and activation processes at 450℃ and 700℃ respectively in an electric furnace. Chemical activation using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) 4:1 (weight basis) was carried out to increase the activated carbon adsorption properties. The element contained in the sample was analyzed using the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) while the surface morphological composition was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the chemical bonds present in the sample was characterized using Fourier transform infrared reflection (FT-IR). From the research carried out, the results show that activated carbon produced from coconut fibers would be useful and effective for adsorbent purposes, considering its large pores.