Fundamental Particle Structure in the Cosmological Dark Matter (original) (raw)

c © World Scientific Publishing Company FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE STRUCTURE IN THE COSMOLOGICAL DARK MATTER

2013

The nonbaryonic dark matter of the Universe is assumed to consist of new stable forms of matter. Their stability reflects symmetry of micro world and mechanisms of its symmetry breaking. Particle candidates for cosmological dark matter are lightest particles that bear new conserved quantum numbers. Dark matter particles may represent ideal gas of non-interacting particles. Self-interacting dark matter weakly or superweakly coupled to ordinary matter is also possible, reflecting nontrivial pattern of particle symmetry in the hidden sector of particle theory. In the early Universe the structure of particle symmetry breaking gives rise to cosmological phase transitions, from which macroscopic cosmological defects or primordial nonlinear structures can be originated. Primordial black holes (PBHs) can be not only a candidate for dark matter, but also represent a universal probe for super-high energy physics in the early Universe. Evaporating PBHs turn to be a source of even superweakly interacting particles, while clouds of massive PBHs can serve as a nonlinear seeds for galaxy formation. The observed broken symmetry of the three known families may provide a simultaneous solution for the problems of the mass of neutrino and strong CP violation in the unique framework of models of horizontal unification. Dark matter candidates can also appear in the new families of quarks and leptons and the existence of new stable charged leptons and quarks is possible, hidden in elusive "dark atoms". Such possibility, strongly restricted by the constraints on anomalous isotopes of light elements, is not excluded in scenarios that predict stable double charged particles. The excessive-2 charged particles are bound in these scenarios with primordial helium in O-helium "atoms", maintaining specific nuclear-interacting form of the dark matter, which may provide an interesting solution for the puzzles of the direct dark matter searches. In the context of cosmoparticle physics, studying fundamental relationship of micro-and macro-worlds, the problem of cosmological dark matter implies cross disciplinary theoretical, experimental and observational studies for its solution.

Cosmoparticle physics of dark matter

EPJ Web of Conferences

The lack of confirmation for the existence of supersymmetric particles and Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) appeals to extension of the field of studies of the physical nature of dark matter, involving nonsupersymmetric and non-WIMP solutions. We briefly discuss some examples of such candidates in their relationship with extension of particle symmetry and pattern of symmetry breaking. We specify in the example of axion-like particles nontrivial features of cosmological reflection of the structure and pattern of Peccei-Quinn-like symmetry breaking. The puzzles of direct and indiect dark matter searches can find solution in the approach of composite dark matter. The advantages and open problems of this approach are specified. We note that detailed analysis of cosmological consequences of any extension of particle model that provides candidates for dark matter inevitably leads to nonstandard features in the corresponding cosmological scenario. It makes possible to use metho...

Physics at the Interface of Particle Physics and Cosmology

Eprint Arxiv Hep Ph 9808418, 1998

In these lectures I examine some of the principal issues in cosmology from a particle physics point of view. I begin with nucleosynthesis and show how the primordial abundance of the light elements can help fix the number of (light) neutrino species and determine the ratio eta\etaeta of baryons to photon in the universe now. The value of eta\etaeta obtained highlights two of the big open problems of cosmology: the presence of dark matter and the need for baryogenesis. After discussing the distinction between hot and cold dark matter, I examine the constraints on, and prospect for, neutrinos as hot dark matter candidates. I show next that supersymmetry provides a variety of possibilities for dark matter, with neutralinos being excellent candidates for cold dark matter and gravitinos, in some scenarios, possibly providing some form of warm dark matter. After discussing axions as another cold dark matter candidate, I provide some perspectives on the nature of dark matter before turning to baryogenesis. Here I begin by outlining the Sakharov conditions for baryogenesis before examining the issues and challenges of producing a, large enough, baryon asymmetry at the GUT scale. I end my lectures by discussing the Kuzmin-Rubakov-Shaposhnikov mechanism and issues associated with electrical baryogenesis. In particular, I emphasize the implications that generating the baryon asymmetry at the electroweak scale has for present-day particle physics.

Origins of Hidden Sector Dark Matter I: Cosmology

2010

We present a systematic cosmological study of a universe in which the visible sector is coupled, albeit very weakly, to a hidden sector comprised of its own set of particles and interactions. Assuming that dark matter (DM) resides in the hidden sector and is charged under a stabilizing symmetry shared by both sectors, we determine all possible origins of weak-scale DM allowed within this broad framework. We show that DM can arise only through a handful of mechanisms, lending particular focus to Freeze-Out and Decay and Freeze-In, as well as their variations involving late time re-annihilations of DM and DM particle anti-particle asymmetries. Much like standard Freeze-Out, where the abundance of DM depends only on the annihilation cross-section of the DM particle, these mechanisms depend only on a very small subset of physical parameters, many of which may be measured directly at the LHC. In particular, we show that each DM production mechanism is associated with a distinctive window in lifetimes and cross-sections for particles which may be produced in the near future. We evaluate prospects for employing the LHC to definitively reconstruct the origin of DM in a companion paper.

Cosmos and Particles: a Different View of Dark Matter

The Open Astronomy Journal, 2012

Dark matter clustered in galaxies or clusters is usually interpreted as a new type of material substance subject only to gravitational force. Alternative explanations envisage deviations of the laws of gravity, of the equations of motion or of both from their commonly accepted form. The additional possibility is explored here that the true origin of the effects depicted as "dark matter" should be seen in connection with local violations of the inertia principle, resulting from the quantized granular structure of the cosmic inertial field. Within the framework of Fantappié-Arcidiacono Projective General Relativity (PGR), this quantization appears to be the dual of that of elementary particle masses, which has been suggested for a long time. This hypothesis does not appear to contradict known facts relating to galaxy rotation and to gravitational lensing of clusters. Furthermore, it introduces a new timescale for the coupling of space expansion with structure formation, which could be of interest in cosmology.

Dark matter reflection of particle symmetry

Modern Physics Letters A

In the context of the relationship between physics of cosmological dark matter and symmetry of elementary particles, a wide list of dark matter candidates is possible. New symmetries provide stability of different new particles and their combination can lead to a multicomponent dark matter. The pattern of symmetry breaking involves phase transitions in the very early Universe, extending the list of candidates by topological defects and even primordial nonlinear structures.

Dark Matter in the Universe

2010

Cosmological arguments proving that the universe is dominated by invisible nonbaryonic matter are reviewed. Possible physical candidates for dark matter particles are discussed. A particular attention is paid to non-compensated remnants of vacuum energy, to the question of stability of super-heavy relics, cosmological mass bounds for very heavy neutral lepton, and some other more exotic possibilities.

Physics of Dark Energy Particles

Foundations of Physics, 2008

We consider the astrophysical and cosmological implications of the existence of a minimum density and mass due to the presence of the cosmological constant. If there is a minimum length in nature, then there is an absolute minimum mass corresponding to a hypothetical particle with radius of the order of the Planck length. On the other hand, quantum mechanical considerations suggest a different minimum mass. These particles associated with the dark energy can be interpreted as the "quanta" of the cosmological constant. We study the possibility that these particles can form stable stellar-type configurations through gravitational condensation, and their Jeans and Chandrasekhar masses are estimated. From the requirement of the energetic stability of the minimum density configuration on a macroscopic scale one obtains a mass of the order of 10 55 g, of the same order of magnitude as the mass of the universe. This mass can also be interpreted as the Jeans mass of the dark energy fluid. Furthermore we present a representation of the cosmological constant and of the total mass of the universe in terms of 'classical' fundamental constants.

New symmetries in microphysics, new stable forms of matter around us

2006

Extension of particle symmetry implies new conserved charges and the lightest particles, possessing such charges, should be stable. Created in early Universe, stable charged heavy leptons and quarks can exist and, hidden in elusive atoms bound by Coulomb attraction, can play the role of dark matter. The problem of this scenario is that in the expanding Universe it is not possible to recombine all the charged particles into elusive "atoms", and positively charged particles, which escape such recombination, bind with electrons in atoms of anomalous isotopes with pregalactic abundance, generally exceeding terrestrial upper limits. Realistic scenarios of composite dark matter, avoiding this problem of anomalous isotope over-production, inevitably predict the existence of primordial "atoms", in which primordial helium traps all the free negatively charged heavy constituents with charge -2. Study of the possibility for such primordial heavy alpha-particle with compensated charge to exist as well as the search for the stable charged constituents in cosmic rays and accelerators provide crucial test for the new forms of stable matter.