Intraluminal calcium as a primary regulator of endoplasmic reticulum function (original) (raw)
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The concentration of Ca 2+ inside the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulates a vast array of spatiotemporally distinct cellular processes, from intracellular Ca 2+ signals to intra-ER protein processing and cell death. This review summarises recent data on the mechanisms of luminal Ca 2+ -dependent regulation of Ca 2+ release and uptake as well as ER regulation of cellular adaptive processes. In addition we discuss general biophysical properties of the ER membrane, as trans-endomembrane Ca 2+ fluxes are subject to basic electrical forces, determined by factors such as the membrane potential of the ER and the ease with which Ca 2+ fluxes are able to change this potential (i.e. the resistance of the ER membrane). Although these electrical forces undoubtedly play a fundamental role in shaping [Ca 2+ ] ER dynamics, at present there is very little direct experimental information about the biophysical properties of the ER membrane. Further studies of how intraluminal [Ca 2+ ] is regulated, best carried out with direct measurements, are vital for understanding how Ca 2+ orchestrates cell function. Direct monitoring of [Ca 2+ ] ER under conditions where the cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] is known may also help to capture elusive biophysical information about the ER, such as the potential difference across the ER membrane.
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