Variation and modifying factors of the exposure to lead and cadmium based on an epidemiological study (original) (raw)
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Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2015
This article analyzes some characteristics and conditions associated with Pb and Cd exposure using an exploratory approach, relating them to the levels of Pb and Cd in blood (blood lead levels [BLL] and blood cadmium levels [BCL]) in children 0-17 years of age living in an area contaminated by metals. BLL and BCL values were determined for each child and questionnaires were applied to their parents. Significant differences were found in mean BLL values according to race (p D .03), family history of intoxication by Pb (p D .004), if a family member was a metallurgy worker (p D .047), if a family member performed activities in the area of metallurgy (p D .03), and mother's employment status (p D .014). The following characteristics were associated with increased risk of BLL above 5.0 mg/dL in children: race, having a family record of intoxication by lead, and having a parent who worked at the plant. BLC values are not significantly associated with any of the studied characteristics. It may be concluded that BLL values are influenced by the social indicators of the population.
Association Among Sources Exposure of Cadmium in the Adult Non-smoking General Population of Tehran
Biological Trace Element Research, 2018
Acute and chronic exposure to cadmium can cause numerous health effects including poisoning, as well as, bone, liver, and kidney diseases. Cadmium competes with iron absorption in blood and can induce anemia. Cadmium body burden can be measured through urine and blood samples. Urine reflects chronic and blood indicates recent and cumulative exposures to cadmium. Dietary is considered as the main source of exposure to cadmium in non-smoking general population. The study was conducted to determine cadmium level in blood, urine, and in diet of 120 non-smoking adults in Tehran. Dietary components and consumption pattern of participants estimated by a food frequency questionnaire. Next, the correlation investigated between them. Moreover, serum ferritin measured as a marker of iron storage in blood to determine its association with cadmium. The prediction of cadmium fate in the body is determined by toxicokinetic models. This study tried to evaluate one of these models' validity which is developed to predict urinary cadmium from dietary. Afterwards, the predicted urinary compared with the measured urinary cadmium. The correlation coefficient between dietary and blood cadmium equaled 0.66 which was statically significant, but the correlation between dietary and urinary cadmium was minimal and not statically significant (p > 0.05). An inverse and negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and blood cadmium. The mean predicted urinary cadmium calculated by the model was 2.5-fold higher than the measured value in the total population. Results of the present study revealed that blood cadmium reflected mainly acute exposure. There was no correlation between chronic and acute exposures to cadmium. The low serum ferritin level increased cadmium amount in blood. Moreover, the mean predicted urinary cadmium by the model was greater than the measured value. It can because of characteristics of populations and type of dietary exposure. Thus, it is suggested that the model coefficients are determined in each society based on their characteristics.
Blood lead and cadmium levels in a six hospital employee population. PESA study, 2009
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 2011
Introduction: Exposure to lead and cadmium is a public health problem due to the broad exposure to these toxic substances among the general population. The objective of this study is to determine blood lead and cadmium concentrations in a working population drawn from six university hospitals in Madrid, Getafe, Cartagena, Santiago de Compostela, Santander and Palma de Mallorca (Spain) and to identify associated factors. Materials and methods: 951 individuals participated in the study and were administered the standardized PESA ® questionnaire regarding exposure to lead and cadmium. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction in Perkin-Elmer spectrometers, guaranteeing the transferability of the results. Results: The median overall blood lead concentration was: 1.6 g/dL (IQR: 0.9-2.7) and that of cadmium was: 0.21 g/L (IQR: 0.10-0.50). There were significant differences in lead levels between men (2 g/dL) and women (1.5 g/dL), postmenopausal (2.6 g/dL) and premenopausal women (1.1 g/dL), and between participants who cooked in earthenware (2.1 g/dL) and those who did not (1.5 g/dL). The median of cadmium in women (0.24 g/L) was higher than in men (0.11 g/L) and was also higher in subjects who smoked (0.70 g/L) than in non-smokers (0.13 g/L). Conclusions: A reduction in blood lead and cadmium levels was observed with respect to previous studies carried out in Spain. Nevertheless, the results suggest there are certain factors which increase risk such as age, gender, menopause, age of housing, cooking in lead-glazed earthenware and exposure to cigarette smoke.
Dietary exposure to cadmium, lead and nickel among students from the south-east region of Poland
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 2014
The dietary intake of cadmium, lead and nickel was determined among students from three universities in the city of Lublin in south-east Poland to assess the levels of exposure to these contaminants, compared to PTWI and TDI values. The study was performed in 2006–2010 and involved 850 daily food rations of students. The technique of 24-hour dietary recall and diet duplicates was used. Cadmium, lead and nickel complexes with ammonium-pyrrolidindithiocarbamate were formed and extracted to the organic phase with 4-methylpentan-2-one–MIBK, in which their content was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest intake of the elements studied was observed in 2008. The data show that in none of the cases, the level of intake reached 70% of PTWI/TDI values, and thus the risk of developing diseases related to high exposure to these toxic metals absorbed from foodstuffs was low. The parameters of methods were checked during determinations by adding standard solutions to the samples before mineralization and by using two reference materials: Total diet ARC/CL HDP and Bovine muscle RM NIST 8414. The dietary exposure to lead and cadmium has significantly decreased in recent years, whereas the exposures to nickel remains on a stable level.
Environmental Research, 2001
This report covers part of the assessment of a site in northern France polluted by industrial metal emissions. Our objectives were to assess the cadmium burden in children aged 8 to 11 years and look for factors that affected it. A cross-sectional population-based study took place in 1996+1997 and included 400 children (200 in the metal-polluted area). The geometric mean of the blood cadmium (CdB) levels of children living on the polluted site was 0.51 g/L (95% CI ؍ [0.49+0.53]); that of the nonexposed children was 0.47 g/L (95% CI ؍ [0.45+0.49]) (P < 0.01). The geometric mean of the urinary cadmium (CdU) levels of children living on the polluted site was 1.16 g/g creatinine (95% CI ؍ [1.01+1.34]); that of the nonexposed children was 0.99 g/g creatinine (95% CI ؍ [0.86+1.14]) (P ؍ 0.10). Mean CdB was higher among children within 4 km of a zinc smelter and consuming 5500 ml of tap water daily ( ؋ 1.34; 95% CI ؍ [1.14+1.51]) compared with children living more than 4 km away and consuming < 500 ml of tap water daily. Independently of this association, consumption of Ash and shellAsh (5once a week vs < once a week) and homegrown vegetables (5once daily vs < once daily) was associated with higher mean CdB levels, respectively: ؋ 1.14; 95% CI ؍ [1.07+1.21] and ؋ 1.25; 95% CI ؍ [1.04+1.50]. Neither sex nor age was associated with CdB. Mean CdU was associated with paternal occupational cadmium exposure.
Lead, cadmium, and mercury are well-known toxic metals that are widespread in the environment. These metals occur as a result of both natural processes and human activities. They can cause a wide spectrum of multisystemic adverse health effects ranging from subclinical changes in function to serious intoxication. In the last decade, a number of new studies have led to increased awareness of the health risks associated with environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury, even at low levels of exposure. Exposure assessments have typically focused on children and women of childbearing age because developing children and fetuses are especially sensitive to environmental poisons. Women who are nearing menopause may be another segment of the population that is very sensitive to environmental pollutants, including toxic metals, because menopause is one of the periods during a women's life where she is at an increased risk for adverse health effects caused by these metals . Postmenopausal quality of life is of great concern, as demographic trends in Polish society indicate an increasing proportion of women at the peri-and post-menopausal stages of life [2].
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2019
Approximately 3000 food samples from the Slovenian market and 2500 drinking (tap) water samples in the period 2011 − 2016 were evaluated for the presence of toxic elements lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and the overall chronic dietary exposure was assessed for each element. The highest mean concentrations were found for Pb in products for special nutritional usedietary supplements (0.383 mg/kg) and for Cd in fish and seafood (0.117 mg/kg). The consumption data were obtained from the national study of the household budget and from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) summary statistics. Chronic dietary exposure was estimated deterministically. The average Pb and Cd intakes from food and drinking (tap) water ranged for children from 0.90 to 1.021 µg/kg bw/day and 4.65 to 5.65 µg/kg bw/week, respectively, and for adults, including adolescents, from 0.40 to 0.53 µg/kg bw/day and 1.98 to 2.82 µg/kg bw/week, respectively. The high consumption of cereal-based foods and vegetables contributed most to overall Pb and Cd intake in the majority of the age groups. The exposure to Pb was generally lower and that to Cd was higher compared to the average EU values. The most exposed were children, as the health-based guidance values were exceeded for both elements, which indicates a health concern. An important contribution to Cd exposure can be attributed to grains and potatoes grown in Slovenia, where the soil contains more Cd than that in other EU countries. Further efforts to reduce Pb and Cd intake are required to minimize potential health risks.
Health Risks Associated with Lead Exposure inFrequently Consumed Foods
2019
This study determined the exposures and risks associated with the ingestion of lead in the diets of three age groups: 5-19; 20-39 and ≥ 40 living in Kumasi. Frequently consumed foods were sampled from the study area and their lead concentration quantified using the graphite furnace AAS method. The @Risk software was used to fit distributions for all elements of exposure. Subsequently, the chronic daily intake (CDI) was determined, and then used to estimate the risks in terms of the margin of exposure (MoE) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR). Across the three age groups, the modal CDI ranged between 0.007 and 0.06 μg/kg bw-day. Significantly low modal MoEs (0.009-0.05) were recorded for developmental neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular toxicity. De minimis ( 10-6). These findings suggest serious public health concerns.