Viscosity Index for Oil Used as Biodegradable Lubricant (original) (raw)
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Studies Concerning Vegetable Oils Used as Biodegradable Lubricant
2019
Biodegradable oils are at present a powerful performance in the field of lubrication of machinery and machines that work predominantly under conditions that make it possible to pollute the environment. This refers to machinery and equipment in agriculture, construction industry, marine, forestry, printing, drilling, railways, automotive, and food industries, where environmental pollution is reduced as a result of losses of lubricants on soil or water. Viscosity, shear stress, shear rate, yield value, plastic, pseudoplastic and thixotropic models, viscometer and rheometer types are the major issues discussed in rheology. This article proposes several dependency of dynamic viscosity with shear rate. Rheological characteristics of vegetable oils were measured with rotational co-axial cylinder rheometer at different temperatures of 40-90 °C.
Lubricity Characteristics of Selected Vegetable Oils, Animal Fats, and their Derivatives
Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2007
Although viscosity is the most commonly used parameter to assess the effectiveness of a lubricant, it alone does not predict functionality sufficiently, especially in field conditions. Inherent differences of the chemical composition of biobased oils greatly affect how they perform. Lubricity is another important parameter to consider in the determination of a lubricant's effectiveness. This article reports lubricity characteristics of selected vegetable oils, animal fats, and their derivatives, along with petroleum-and mineral-oil based lubricants for comparison purposes. The article also gives a compilation of fatty acid profiles of selected biobased oils, fats, and their derivatives. It was found that all of the biobased fats, oils, and their derivatives had better lubricities than #2 diesel fuel. All biobased oils and fats had a better lubricity than a turbine drip mineral oil (control). Crude vegetable oils had significantly better lubricities than their refined or transesterified (methylated or ethylated) forms. It also was found that the type of fatty acid (saturated or unsaturated) or its concentrations did not correlate with the lubricity value of a particular oil, fat or their derivatives.
Review on Vegetable Oil as Bio Lubricant
The increasing costs of petroleum, the depletion of petroleum reserves within the world, and international concern in protective the atmosphere from pollution have revived interest in developing and exploitation environment-friendly lubricants derived from different sources. By the utilization of bio lubricants, it is attainable to cut back the use of fossil oil primarily based lubricants each in industrial and maintenance applications and additionally block the intense environmental issues caused. Vegetable oil having competent lubrication properties are reviewed during this study work tribological characteristics with comparison against petroleum lubricants for tribological properties. Study on bio lubricant within the field of automotive applications with experimentation shows competent properties of purgative as base bio lubricant. Vegetable oils with chemical modification and additives will prove nice candidate for bio lubricant. Vegetable oil comparatively cheaper price than similar oils marketed within the developed world and might be introduced in Asian country with vast environmental and performance advantages.
The influence of lubricating fluid type on the properties of biodegradable greases
Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 2003
The lubricating ability of a grease depends on both the base oil and the thickener. As a result of their intrinsic properties and/or because of their com-patibility with thickeners and specific additives, base fluids have different influences upon the properties of grease formulations. It is well known that mineral oils are the most widely used lubricant bases due to their inherent lubricity and lower cost, but recent environmental concern has led to consideration of the use of vegetable oils and readily biodegradable synthetic fluids as raw materials in lubricating grease formulations. As well as the base materials, the additives for biodegradable greases should also be biodegradable. This requirement limits the kind of products that may be used in environmentally friendly greases.This paper presents comparative data concerning the tribological and physico-chemical properties of biodegradable greases formulated with certain vegetable oils, such as rape seed oil, castor oil, and soybean oil or their mixtures, and synthetic esters. The improvement of the load-carrying properties of biodegradable greases and the antioxidative effect of some suitable additives have also been studied, and the results are presented here.
Green Chemistry, 2011
Nowadays, one of the primary choices of base oils for environmentally aware lubricants is vegetable oils. This is due to their good natural biodegradability and very low toxicity in combination with very good lubricity characteristics. The development of new vegetable-based lubricants requires the knowledge of their thermophysical properties such as their viscosity or density, among others. Regarding this issue, in this work, we have carried out density measurements between 278.15 and 398.15 K and pressures up to 120 MPa and calculated the isothermal compressibility and isobaric thermal expansivity values of six gear lubricants, two of them reference mineral oils and the other four developed biodegradable oils based in high oleic sunflower oil or in synthetic esters. It was found that all of the lubricants have both similar compressibilities and similar expansivities. Dowson and Higginson, Zhu and Wen, Jacobson and Vinet equations of state predict the experimental density values with absolute average deviations (AADs), that is, AAD % lower than 0.3, 0.4, and 0.6%, respectively, whereas Tammann− Tait and the modified Tait equations correlate these experimental densities with AAD % of 0.02 and 0.06%. Dowson and Higginson and Zhu and Wen equations of state do not predict well the isothermal compressibilities, with AAD % being around 45% for both equations. Moreover, the viscosities were measured in the temperature range from 278.15 to 373.15 K at atmospheric pressure for these oils, and the viscosity index was also determined. New formulated oils present the highest viscosity indexes and the lowest viscosity data at low temperatures; therefore, they become the most suitable for machinery cold start.
Evaluation of lubricant properties of vegetable oils as base oil for industrial lubricant
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
The possible insufficiency of oil resources in the future and the poor bio-degradability of mineral oil based lubricant resulted in the need of bio lubricant. Bio-based products are typically produced from vegetable oils. For the present study rice bran oil [RBO], jatropha oil [JO] and karanja oil [KO] are selected as the base oils for the industrial lubricant. Friction and wear characteristics are evaluated on four ball tester and the initial findings show that wear scar of RBO is lowest, this is because of the presence of natural anti-oxidants like gamma oryzanol. The coefficient of friction and wear of all the oils were evaluated as per ASTM D5183 and ASTMD 4172 respectively. Viscosity of the oils are tested on Brookfield rheometer and KO is having high viscosity when compared to other two oils but the change in viscosity with temperature is low for both RBO and JO. Chemical properties of the oils are conducted as per IS: 548 (Part 1)-1964. The iodine value for KO is less when compared to RBO and JO. Less iodine value is required to impart better oxidation stability. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that RBO is stable till 320 ˚C and KO, JO started degrading at 200 ˚C. The thermal properties of all the oils are measured and RBO has shown better properties at wide range of temperatures. The disadvantages of vegetable oils like oxidative stability need to be improved by adding additives and by chemical modifications.
Suitability of vegetable oils as industrial lubricants
Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 2004
This paper reports on the application-relevant properties of sixteen commercially available vegetable oils tested without additives in accordance with established standards. Their per$ormance was compared with each other and with that of mineral oil and synthetic esters. The basic characteristics of all the oils (density, viscosity? pour point, cloud point, jlash point and fire point) were initially determined. A chemical analysis of the vegetable oils was carried out to determine the acid value, saponification and iodine numbers. Additionally, the oxidative stability of all the oils was tested. The tribological per$ormance, lubrication, and wear protection of the oils were judged under abrasive as well as adhesive conditions. The comparative study of the test vegetable oils showed great differences in the properties of the oils. All the vegetable oils tested revealed weak points during testing, including rape seed and castor oils, which have established uses in industry. This study shows that certain vegetable oils, such as sesame oil and wheatgerm oil, may have potential for use in selected technical applications. The mineral oil and synthetic esters showed markedly superior per$ormance when tested under adhesive conditions, but comparable behaviour to the other oils under abrasive conditions.
Production and usage of a vegetable oil biobased lubricant
REM - International Engineering Journal
Machining is one of the most important manufacturing processes used worldwide in the mechanical industry, and in order to optimize productivity, cutting fluids can be used in the process. Vegetable based fluids present low toxicity as well as good biodegradability and environmental sustainability; however, they also have low oxidative stability. Esters which are obtained from different vegetable oils, maintain the qualities mentioned and provide the required stability. This study presents a production and characterization of the raw materials, methyl esters and epoxidized methyl esters, as well as mainly the comparative evaluation of the cutting fluid formed by these esters with commercial fluids derived from minerals. The emulsions were evaluated regarding the mechanical properties resulting from their use in the process, registration of the temperature obtained during machining, the rough surface the dimensional deviation of the final product and also the evaluation of surface oxidation occurred on the pieces in the medium term. Emulsions containing 5% of esters (methyl and epoxidized methyl) seemed to be the best option, presenting less oxidation of machined pieces, lower working temperature during the process and better surface completion, demonstrating the best performance over the tested fluids.
Vegetable-based biodegradable lubricating oil additives
Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 2003
Recently, much effort has been focused on research and development of new types of lubricating oil additives to reduce wear and friction in the tribological systems. It has been noted that the use of additives to improve the lubricating capacity and durability of oil plays an important role in the wear and friction process of materials, Due to the environmental problems, many researchers are embarking on the viability of the vegetable-based lubricants, In this article a critical review has been made on vegetable-based lubricant additives with specific properties and application. This article explains the advantages and manufacturing processes of vegetable-based oils, which will give a better understanding of using biodegradable lubricating oil additives. A case study on palm oil methyl ester as an additive has been presented in this paper. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0036-8792&volume=55&issue=3&articleid=874623&show=pdf