Positional Variations of the External and the Internal Carotid Artery (original) (raw)
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Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 2021
Evaluation of carotid bifurcation level and relationship of External Carotid Artery (ECA) with reference to adjacent anatomical landmarks is important in planning various surgical and radiological procedures related to the carotid arteries. The aim was to study the relationship of External Carotid Artery with reference to Adjacent Anatomical landmarks in cadavers. 60 cadavers - 52 male and 8 female embalmed with 10% formalin were dissected over the period of two years for this study. The distance between the origin and the termination of ECA was found to be in the range of 25–70 mm on the right side and in the range of 25–68 mm on the left side. The distance between the origin of ECA and the carotid tubercle was found to be in the range of 23–50 mm on the right side and in the range of 22–48 mm on the left side. The distance between the origin of ECA and the angle of the mandible was found to be in the range of 18–30 mm on the right side and in the range of 20–32 mm on the left side...
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2012
Aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of aberrant origin of the branches of the external carotid artery (ECA) in 97 patients by computed tomography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and to compare the accuracy of these two techniques in the visualization of the ECA system. All patients underwent CTA and MRA examination of the head and neck. Multiplanar and volumetric reformations were obtained in all cases. For each set of images, the presence of aberrant origin of the branches of the external carotid artery was investigated. MRA and CTA images of each patient were compared to deWne their information content. Anatomical anomalies were found in 88 heminecks, with a prevalence of 53.3%. In the 61 patients in whom the CTA was performed before the MRA, the latter method showed only 92% of abnormalities detected at the Wrst examination; in the 36 patients in whom MRA was performed Wrst, CTA identiWed all of the anomalies highlighted by the former, adding 12 new. Knowledge of the anomalies of origin of the ECA branches is essential for the head and neck surgeon; the high prevalence of anomalies found in our series as in the previous studies indicates the opportunity to perform a CTA or a MRA of the head and neck before any surgical or interventional procedure. CTA is the method of choice in the evaluation of anomalies of origin of the branches of the ECA and in the deWnition of their course.
Study of Variations of Cervical Segment of Internal Carotid Artery
Journal of Anatomical Sciences
Introduction: Presence of variations in the course of the cervical (extracranial) part of the internal carotid artery (I.C.A.) in the form of tortuosity, kinking, coiling or looping is a rare condition. These may be attributed to embryological or acquired factors. Patients with such variations may be asymptomatic in some cases, whereas, they may develop cerebrovascular symptoms due to carotid stenosis affecting cerebral circulation. Materials and methods: The present study was performed during routine undergraduate dissection classes in total 21 human cadavers (6 females and 15 males) on bilateral sides. Results: Bilateral kinking and looping of the cervical part of the I.C.A. was found in two cadavers. Conclusions: The risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in patients with carotid stenosis is high and surgical correction is indicated as a part of treatment. Further, patients having these variations are more prone to injury during radical neck dissection and other surgical operat...
Arrangement and prevalence of branches in the external carotid artery in humans
Italian journal of anatomy and embryology, 2012
The external carotid artery originates branches to face structures. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries are originated from this vessel as artery trunks or separately. The aim of this study was to determinate the arrangement frequency of these artery branches. For this, thirty six (36) hemi-heads of adult cadavers from both genders were studied. The anatomic parts were fixed in 10% of formalin and dissected. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries were analyzed in terms of their origins. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries originated separately from the external or common carotid artery in 77.8% of the cases. A linguofacial trunk was observed in 19.9% of the cases and a thyrolingual trunk in 2.8%. A thyrolinguofacial trunk was not observed. In 51.2% cases the superior thyroid artery originated directly from the external carotid artery, in 45.3% from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, and in 3.5% from the common carotid artery. Thus, the superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries more frequently showed a separate origin from the external or common carotid artery. Among the combined artery trunks, the linguofacial trunk was most frequently observed, followed by the thyrolingual trunk. The superior thyroid artery originated more frequently from the external or common carotid artery; however, it also could emerge from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.
A cadaveric study on variations in branching pattern of external carotid artery
Anatomy & Cell Biology, 2018
Variations in the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle have been reported in current scientific literature. The carotid arteries, being the major feeding arteries of the head and neck deserve special importance and protection from iatrogenic injury during radiological evaluations and surgical interventions. The present study was carried out over a period of 4 years from 2012-2016 to assess the variant anatomy of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery and its branches were dissected bilaterally in 40 formalin embalmed cadavers. The external carotid artery was traced from its origin to termination and variations in the branching pattern as well as the level of the carotid bifurcation were observed and analysed. A higher carotid bifurcation was observed in 25% cases. The linguofacial trunk was the commonest variation noted in the branching pattern seen in 20% cases. A single case of unilateral thyrolinguofacial trunk was also observed. The external carotid artery gave rise to accessory branches in 7.5% cases namely the superior laryngeal, accessory ascending pharyngeal and masseteric branches. A slender branch to the internal jugular vein was also observed in one case. These findings may provide further insight into the understanding of the vascular anatomy of the carotid triangle to the curious student, the discerning radiologist and the vigilant surgeon to avert complications and help improve overall treatment outcome.
Background & Aim: Anyone practising surgery or medicine should have a firm grasp on the regular anatomy of ECA and its variants, as well as its branches. Both carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting, which are used to prevent recurrent strokes, necessitate in-depth familiarity with the carotid system. The aim of the present study was to study the relationship of External Carotid Artery with reference to Adjacent Anatomical landmarks in cadavers. Methods: The present prospective study was done in the Department of Anatomy, RMCRC, Rama University, Kanpur, UP, India, over a period of 1.5 years after obtaining clearance from the institutional ethical clearance committee. 30 hemi-necks obtained from 15 formalin embalmed cadavers (10 male and 5 female) were dissected and the external carotid arteries were traced from the origin to termination. Results: The ECA took origin at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage (TC) in 20/30 cases (66.66%). Higher level of origin was noted in the remaining 10 of 30 cases (33.34%). Higher levels of carotid bifurcation were further categorized keeping the TC as anatomical landmark. No lower levels of origin were noted in this study. The anteromedial position of the ECA relative to the ICA at the level of the carotid bifurcation was noted in all the cases. Conclusion: The anatomical knowledge of relationship of External Carotid Artery with reference to adjacent anatomical landmarks is helpful for vascular surgeons to plan surgeries and prevent complications during various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
A Study on the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery
IOSR Journals , 2019
Abstact: Knowledge of carotid arteries is essential for surgeons and radiologists while performing the surgeries and head and neck angeograms. External and internal carotid arteries are the main arterial supply of the head and neck. Understanding variable branching patterns of External carotid arteries is highly warranted for surgeons, radiologists and various medical practitioners.present study aimed to study various types of branching patterns of External carotid artery. This study was conducted in 30 well embalmed adult cadavers during undergraduate teaching carriculum for a period of 5years. Cunningham's dissection manual was followed for dissection method. External carotid artery (ECA) was observed and branching pattern was noted. In present study variable branching patterns of ECA was observed. Among 30, Thyrolingual (TL) trunk was observed in 1 (3.33%) cadaver, Occipitopharyngeal trunk in one (3.33%) cadaver and Thyrolinguofacial (TLF) trunk in one (3.33%) cadaver were observed. Superior thyroid artery (STA) originated at the bifurcation of Common carotid artery (CCA) observed in 4 (13.33%) cases. Thorough knowledge on various types of branching pattern of neck vessels is highly recommended for head and neck surgeons for better outcome of various surgeries of head and neck. This present study documented higher prevalence of Superior thyroid arteries arising from bifurcation of CCA (13.33%), while remaining variations holding almost same prevalence.
A Rare Unilateral Variation in the Course of External and Internal Carotid Arteries
Vascular variations in the neck region are not uncommon. Knowledge of incidence of morphological variations in the course and branching of the carotid arteries is important for radiological interpretation and surgical correction when they are symptomatic. Internal carotid artery (ICA) is known to show elongation in its extra cranial course. Previous studies have demonstrated the incidence and clinical symptoms of this morphological entity. However, the occurrence of elongation and looping of the external carotid artery (ECA) is seldom reported in the literature. During regular dissections, we came across a rare case of unilateral morphological variation of both ECA and ICA, in a male cadaver aged about 55 years. ICA presented a curved course with convexity directed posteriorly, at the level of the C2-C3 vertebrae. ECA presented a pronounced kinking or coiling, one inch below the level of the angle of the mandible. In addition, a linguo-facial trunk arising from the ECA also presented a pronounced kinking throughout its entire length.
Bilateral Abnormal Origin of the Anterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery
Annals of Vascular Surgery, 2014
Background: Description of a rare variation is provided alongside with a review of the literature with special references to anatomic, embryologic, and clinical issues it may create. Methods: This was a cadaveric dissection conducted during a pregraduate anatomy course that is accompanied by short review of the literature and critical appraisal. Results: During dissection of the neck region of a male cadaver, the superior thyroid artery occurred from the common carotid artery bilaterally and the lingual artery occurred from the carotid bifurcation on the left side. Conclusions: Superior thyroid artery originating from common carotid artery or carotid bifurcation is a common variation, but the lingual artery originating from the common carotid artery or carotid bifurcation is very rare (<1%). Its existence can have a significant impact on treatment success and potentially lead to errors during interventions at the neck region. A high level of suspicion is required.
Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 2021
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