Remote monitoring of heart rate as a measure of recovery in angled Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (L (original) (raw)
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The limitations of heart rate as a predictor of metabolic rate in fish
Journal of Fish Biology, 1996
Although telemetered heart rate ( f H ) has been used as a physiological correlate to predict the metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption, Ṽ 2 ) of fish in the field, it is our contention that the method has not been validated adequately for fish. If f H in fish is to be used to estimate Ṽ 2 , a single linear (or log-linear) relationship must be established for each species between the two variables which allows Ṽ 2 to be predicted accurately under all environmentally relevant conditions. Our analyses of existing data indicate that while a good linear (or log-linear) relationship can be established between f H and Ṽ 2 , the conditions under which the relationship applies may be quite restricted. Physiological states and environmental factors affect the relationship between f H and Ṽ 2 significantly such that several curves can exist for a single species. In addition, there are situations in which f H and Ṽ 2 do not covary in a significant manner. In some situations f H can vary over much of its physiological range while Ṽ 2 remains constant; in others Ṽ 2 may vary while f H is invariate. The theoretical basis for this variability is examined to explain why the use of telemetered f H in predicting Ṽ 2 of fish may be limited to certain specified applications. 1996 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Scientific Reports
Investigating the mechanisms that fish employ to maintain homeostasis in their everyday life requires measurements of physiological and behavioural responses in the field. With multivariate bio-loggers, we continuously measured gastrointestinal blood flow (GBF), heart rate, activity and body temperature in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) swimming freely amongst ~5000 conspecifics in a sea cage. Our findings clearly demonstrate that while both acute aquaculture-related stress and spontaneous activity resulted in transient reductions in GBF (i.e. reductions of up to 65%), recovery from stressful handling practices subsequently involved a substantial and prolonged gastrointestinal hyperemia far beyond the level observed prior to the stressor. The gastrointestinal hyperemia may be necessary to repair the damage to the gastrointestinal tract caused by acute stress. Furthermore, heart rate responses to acute stress or voluntary activity differed depending on the individual's physiological state. Stressed fish (i.e. mean heart rates >70 beats min −1) exhibited a bradycardic response to acute stress or activity, whereas fish with mean heart rates <60 beats min −1 instead demonstrated strong tachycardic responses. Remote monitoring of physiological and behavioural variables using bio-loggers can provide unique insights into 'real-life' responses of animals, which can largely differ from the responses observed in confined laboratory settings. To discover the mechanisms that free-living organisms employ to maintain homeostasis in their everyday life, physiological responses need to be measured in the field rather than in controlled laboratory environments 1,2. However, this is challenging, as most physiological recording techniques require the animal to be physically connected to the recording equipment 1,2. Fortunately, rapid development and miniaturization of bio-loggers and bio-telemetry systems presents a solution, as it allows the remote recording of physiological data in free-living organisms over long uninterrupted periods 1-7. In addition to a range of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; bio-logging and bio-telemetric techniques have also successfully been applied on a range of fish species in the wild and in captivity 4-7. In fish, bio-loggers are particularly valuable as they allow high-resolution recordings of unattenuated signals when compared to radio-based telemetry devices (as radio signal transmission is severely attenuated in water) 4-7. In contrast to radio signals, sound waves propagate more efficiently in water than in air and thus acoustic-based telemetry also represents a useful tool for recording physiological responses in freely swimming fish 4-7. An advantage of acoustic-based telemetry is that data does not need to be physically retrieved since it is continuously transmitted in 'real-time' throughout the study. However, due to current technological limitations, the resolution of data that can be transmitted via acoustic-based telemetric devices is substantially lower than that collected using bio-loggers 4-7 .
Coupling of heart rate with metabolic depression in fish: a radiotelemetric and calorimetric study
Thermochimica Acta, 2004
This study of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) combines two techniques: heat measurements via direct calorimetry and radio telemetry, using small implantable telemetry transmitters (3 g). These record overall metabolic rate, and electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rate frequency (fHR), respectively. The metabolic rate decreased at hypoxia levels of 40, 20, 10, and 3% air-saturation (AS) almost linearly to 94, 84, 69, and 55% of the standard metabolic rate (SMR), respectively. This implies that metabolic depression is flexible, depending on the supply of oxygen. From the deconvoluted heat-flow signal it can be concluded that the metabolic depression per hypoxia level takes place within 20 min. At 3% AS anaerobic metabolism was strongly activated. The fHR of 34 beats per minute (bpm) at normoxia fell at hypoxia levels of 40, 20, 10, and 3% AS to 26, 22, 14, and 9 bpm, respectively. A correlation coefficient of 0.97 was calculated between the level of metabolic depression and decrease of fHR suggesting a relationship between level of metabolic depression and the HR. These results support the hypothesis that blood flow reduction is the proximate cause for the observed metabolic depression.
Heart rate telemetry records of up to 5 days duration were obtained from pike living in Lochs Kinord and Davan, Scotland. Applying metabolic rate correlations it was found that mean metabolic rate (R) was 1.5 times standard metabolic rate (It?), The fish rarely worked near their metabolic limits. Activity metabolism (RJ was much higher than estimates based on mean swimming speed and comprised up to 10% of R. Most activity metabolism was the result of localized bursts of activity. Less than 10% of activity showed evidence of oxygen debt. Specific Dynamic Action or feeding metabolism (R,) comprised 15-25% of R. Food intake estimated from heart rate was 1.5% wet body weight day-', consumed in the form of small items captured during the day and digested during the afternoon and night.
A unique heart beat datalogging device was either surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavity (internal-fish) or attached by nylon anchor tags to the dorsal fin rays (external-fish) of the black cod Paranotothenia angustata. Both groups had a mean AE S.E. heart rate of c. 46 beats min À1 after 24 h, and by 20 days external-fish showed a significant reduction (34 AE 3 beats min À1 ) whereas internal-fish did not (44 AE 2 beats min À1 ). In demersal fishes external attachment of an electronic recording device may be preferable to surgical implantation. # 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005
Several previous reports, often from studies utilising heavily instrumented animals, have indicated that for teleosts, the increase in cardiac output () during exercise is mainly the resulṫ V b of an increase in cardiac stroke volume (V S) rather than in heart rate (f H). More recently, this contention has been questioned following studies on animals carrying less instrumentation, though the debate continues. In an attempt to shed more light on the situation, we examined the heart rates and oxygen consumption rates (; normalised to a mass of 1 kg, Mo 2 given as) of six Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii; Mo 2 kg kg) equipped with implanted mean mass ע SE p 1.81 ע 0.14 f H and body temperature data loggers. Data were determined during exposure to varying temperatures and swimming speeds to encompass the majority of the biological scope of this species. An increase in body temperature (T b) from 14ЊC to 29ЊC resulted in linear increases in (26.67-41.78 mmol min Ϫ1 Mo 2 kg kg Ϫ1) and f H (22.3-60.8 beats min Ϫ1) during routine exercise but a decrease in the oxygen pulse (the amount of oxygen
The use of internal heart rate loggers in determining cardiac breakpoints of fish
Journal of Thermal Biology, 2020
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Aacl Bioflux, 2020
The purpose of the study was to observe the heart rate of Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) and the swimming speed level during the simulation of the capture process in a flume tank. This was monitored on 11 samples of 19.1 ± 0.6 cm body length (BL) (mean ± S.D., n=11), during swimming experiments in the flume tank at 24oC. The observations were conducted at speeds ranging from 1.3 BL/s to 5.9 BL/s, where a gradual increase was applied for each consecutive test session of 10 minutes (step-up protocol). In addition, electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring was performed to analyze changes in heart rate at each speed level by implanting a pair of electrodes in the pericardial cavity, through the ventral side of the fish body and by a connector to the bio-amplifier and oscilloscope. The results showed an insignificant increase within the swimming speed range of 1.3-2.8 BL/s, from the average control heart rate of 78.5 beats/minute in still water. Meanwhi...
Radio-transmitted electromyogram signals as indicators of physical activity in Atlantic salmon
Journal of Fish Biology, 1997
Salmo salar were tested to calibrate electromyograms from axial red musculature to swimming speed in a swim speed chamber, and to compare electromyograms of fish from two stocks (Lone and Imsa). Ten Lone and eight Imsa salmon were equipped with internal EMG transmitters. Surgical procedures were acceptable, with 100% survival of all implanted fish during the study. It was possible to calibrate EMG pulse intervals to swimming speed in 14 of the 18 salmon run in the swim speed chamber (r 2 =0·35-0·76 for individuals, 0·63 for pooled data). Individuals differed in their EMG resting levels (EMGs recorded at 0·5 ms 1 ), and so higher correlations were obtained between swimming speed and an activity index (EMG pulse intervals at different speeds/EMG resting levels) (pooled data, r 2 =0·75). The linear relationship between swimming speed and EMG pulse intervals differed significantly between the two stocks (P<0·05). This successful calibration of EMGs to swimming speed opens the possibility of calibrating EMGs to oxygen consumption and the measurement of the metabolic costs of activity in field experiments.