The Roma people in Bulgaria – Their number and localization, from the Liberation (1878) until the beginning of the 21st Century (original) (raw)
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This paper discuss two topical issues in the field of Roma/Gypsy studies in Bulgaria. Firstly, it focuses on the traditional marital patterns – “a bride price”, “a kidnapping” etc. and uses their specifics to explain the early childbirths and early entering into union formation. Secondly, it argues against the overestimated size of the Roma population in Bulgaria and offers three alternative indicators. The size of Roma population is estimated between 634596 and 799797 people by the end of 2006. At the end of the paper some policy proposals have been made. The Roma/Gypsies are traditionally nomadic people currently living worldwide. Due to some historical circumstances, most of them live a settled or semi-settled life on the Balkan Peninsula as far as in all ex-socialist countries from Eastern Europe. Although there are many minority populations that need support all over the world, the Roma population in particular has become a major focus of the policy makers in Europe after the b...
The present work is focused on the Roma spatial distribution analysis in Slovakia and development characteristics of this minority in Slovakia, according to censuses, records of the civil service and other inquiries. In assessing the current state, the paper is based on a qualified estimate from 2010, which was conducted under the auspices of the Office of Slovak Government Plenipotentiary for Roma communities. Main characteristics of the spatial analysis of the obtained data, which are currently the only of its kind, offer a valuable set of information about the spatial differentiation of the Roma ethnic, with a wide range of its subsequent use in planning practice. Please quote as: Matlovičová, K., Matlovič, R., Mušinka, A., Židová, A. (2012): The Roma population in Slovakia. Basic characteristics of the Roma population with emphasis on the spatial aspects of its differentiation, in Penczes, J., Radics, Z. (Eds.): Roma popuation on the peripheries of the Visegrad countries. Spatial trends and social challenges. Debrecen 2012, ISBN 978-615-5212-07-9, pp. 77-104
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Roma Communities in Southeast Europe
2014
The aim of this paper is to present the Roma 1 people and their status in Southeast Europe; since they are the largest and most heterogeneous ethnic minority of the region. We are focusing on the Post-Yugoslav countries, Albania, Romania and Bulgaria. Hungary is not integrated organically to the studied countries, however for the easier comparison; we took the data of the Hungarian Gypsies into the analysis. The Roma people are not a homogeneous community, the religion, the language and the historical background both could differentiate them. Some ethnic groups who are attached the Gypsies also wish to distinguish themselves from the Romanies. The phenomenon of "preferred identity" can be observed within the Roma communities, which means that they do not identify themselves as Roma to avoid discrimination; and because of the assimilation (linguistic, religious and cultural) and "social progress" (especially in the more educated social layer). The socioeconomic inequalities are increasing among both the Roms and the rest of the population; and within the Roma population as well. There are people in each country who live under or fall below the poverty line; however this process is much more intense and more drastic amongst the Roma population. This paper also aims to shed the light on the current situation of the Romani people living in the Balkans. For the sake of the objective we found important to present the history of the Roma in each country. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of the Hungarian and foreign literature, therefore, to the maximum extent possible, we tried to get to know previous studies of those researchers as widely as possible the, who live in the countries concerned. Mainly based on the UNDP Roma Survey 2011, we compared the Roma population of each country; we discuss the causes of the differences in the various statistical data; we reveal the disparities of the labor market data, language usage, living conditions and educational data, which can be observed in every country examined.
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Cite this article: Pénzes, J., Pásztor, I.Z., Tátrai, P., Kóti, T. (2019). Roma population in Hungary-spatial distribution and its temporal changes. Deturope. 11(3), 138-159. The objective of the current analysis is to discover the territorial characteristics of the Hungarian Roma population and its changes during the last almost three decades. The basis of the investigation is provided by the census datasets from 1990 and 2011-as auto-identification and two surveys (the so-called CIKOBI survey from 1984-1987 and the survey of the University of Debrecen from 2010-2013), ensuring the external ethnic identification. The last census gave 315,000 Roma and the recent survey resulted in approximately 876,000 Roma people in Hungary. The significant growth of the Roma population is obviously demonstrated and its regional disparities are also discovered. The most important regional characteristics came to light with weakening territorial backwardness by the ratio of Roma population living in towns is coming to the national value. However, the rapid growth of the Roma population is especially visible in the case of the districts with high ratio of Roma already during the 1980s (high values approximately doubled as well). This process is quite concentrated mostly in districts in the traditional backward areas of the country.
The Demographic Processes and the Regional Disparities in Bulgaria
After the Second World War the population of Bulgaria has been constantly increasing, because of the industrialization of the country that stimulated its urbanization and led to improvement of the living conditions. The number of population was expected to reach nine million people in the late 1980's. However, with the fall of communism and the democratic changes, the people appeared to be in new conditions, providing the possibilities for free internal migration in the territory of the country, as well as relatively free emigration. In the years of transition from planned to market economy, the situation was not very favorable for normal reproduction of the population too. The situation didn't change in the beginning of XXI century. With the increasing rate of emigration (mainly of labor force) after the accession of the country to the EU, and the decreasing of birth rate, the people were also getting concentrated in large cities, where they could find better jobs, causing significant regional demographic, as well as economic disparities. This made some researchers describe the situation as demographic catastrophe, questioning the future development of the country… The research studies different aspects of the demographic changes that took place in Bulgaria in the last decades, including increase rate, migration, ageing and dynamics of the population and its distribution among the different regions. Different research methods have been used, such as situation and comparative analyses, complex approach, statistical methods and others.
2020
The ethnic structure of the population is an index about ethnic diversity within a country. It is one of the important characteristics of the population because it influences the fertility attitudes, labor activity and the behavior in society. The population in Bulgaria for three decades has been strongly deteriorated-negative rate of natural increase and immigration rate and deteriorated age structure. The ethnicity of the population in the country be composed of three large groups-Bulgarians, Turks and Roma. The data from the last two censuses do not account for much difference in the values presented so far in previous censuses and scientific developments. The higher reproductive attitudes among the Turkish and Roma ethnic groups make impression, compared to the Bulgarian one. It is typically for the traditions in the both ethnic groups. A precondition for stability in the development of the ethnic structure is the so-called preferential ethnic self-consciousness, which is defined in determining the population according to the ethnic group in whose territory they live.