Coating and Characterization of Mock and Explosive Materials (original) (raw)
Related papers
Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 2019
The compositions of granulated plastic bonded explosive (PBX), based on octogen (HMX) and Estane polymer were prepared by aqueous/solvent slurry coating tehnique, on a laboratory and industrial scale. Scale-up was done in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way: with provided recyclage and reuse of the used organic solvent. The quality of the obtained granulated PBX samples was observed trough the following analyses: the quality of polymer coating layer on HMX crystals was examined by microscopic analysis; the phlegmatizer content in PBX samples was determined; granulometric analysis and the tests of sensitivity to friction and impact were carried out. Compressibility of granulated PBX was determined by pressing. Measured detonation velocities of pressed PBX charges were compared. The obtained properties of the examined pressed PBX indicated that it may find application as a promising main explosive charge in cumulative warheads.
2003
h an effort to comply with Inserwitive Mtinitions (IM) criteria together with the expectation of increasing the warhead performance against specified targets, two part energetic binder systems comprising an energetic polymer and plasticiser that offer promise for future use in PBX (polymer bonded explosive) fills in high performance, tactical missiles have been investigated. Warhead fills wiihin modem missiles such as ASRAAM (Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missiles) typically contain cast-cured PBXs comprising high energetics loadings in an inert binder matrix. The use of the inert binder, which comprises aroimd 20% of the final formulation, dilutes the final energy output of the PBX. To this end, several energetic binder formulations have been developed tiiat may offer potential use in i^RAAM type missiles. By use of energetic binders systems comprising polyGLYN and KIO or GLYN oMgomer plasticiser, increases in performance parameters were observed. This technical report details the formulation of several PBXs developed to maximise casting density and processibiMty for potential use in ASRAAM warheads that may offer improved IM properties.
Energetic Materials: Crystallization, Characterization and Insensitive Plastic Bonded Explosives
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2008
The product quality of energetic materials is predominantly determined by the crystallization process applied to produce these materials. It has been demonstrated in the past that the higher the product quality of the solid energetic ingredients, the less sensitive a plastic bonded explosive containing these energetic materials becomes. The application of submicron or nanometric energetic materials is generally considered to further decrease the sensitiveness of explosives. In order to assess the product quality of energetic materials, a range of analytical techniques is available. Recent attempts within the Reduced-sensitivity RDX Round Robin (R4) have provided the EM community a better insight into these analytical techniques and in some cases a correlation between product quality and shock initiation of plastic bonded explosives containing (RS-)RDX was identified, which would provide a possibility to discriminate between conventional and reduced sensitivity grades. In this paper experimental results of two relatively new crystallization techniques are shown. Submicron and nanometric RDX particles have been produced and characterized. Also results on the characterization of different commercial RDX grades will be shown, including data related to a part of the samples received within the R4 programme. Finally, experimental data will be presented and discussed on insensitive plastic bonded explosives (PBXs).
Energetic Polymers and Plasticisers for Explosive Formulations - A Review of Recent Advances
2000
In an effort to comply with Insensitive Munitions (IM) criteria, energetic binders comprising polymer and plasticiser(s) are finding use in cast-cured polymer bonded explosives and cast composite rocket propellants. Energetic binders can be considered as cross-linked polymers that provide a matrix to bind explosive ingredients together with a plasticiser. Once cured, the polymeric binder is a tough elastomeric rubber capable
International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2019
EPX-2R is a high-performance plastic explosive produced for different applications. EPX-2R is based on RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane) bonded by the elastic matrix of the softened styrene butadiene binder. A computerizing mixer plastograph was used for the production of EPX-2R. The internal energy of combustion was measured and used to determine the enthalpy of formation. Friction and impact sensitivities were measured. The velocity of detonation was determined experimentally, and the detonation properties were calculated by the EXPLO 5 code. For comparison, traditional plastic explosives, composition C-4, Semtex 10, Formex P1, EPX-1, and Sprängdeg m/46, were studied. It was concluded that the velocity of detonation of EPX-2R was higher than the studied samples except composition C-4, while its sensitivity is the lowest. Interesting inversely proportional relationship between the measured internal energy of combustion and the calculated heat of detonation was observed.
Particle size effects on the mechanical properties of a polymer bonded explosive
Journal of Materials Science, 2000
Two RDX/HTPB polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), with different explosive particle size, were studied in a Hopkinson bar system at three different temperatures. Three temperatures were chosen, two above, and one below, the glass transition temperature of the binder material. The PBX consisted of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) crystals in a hydroxyl-terminated-polybutadiene (HTPB) binder. Overall the larger particle sized material was weaker, and exhibited a more distinct yield point than the finer sized material. Both materials showed temperature sensitivity, the effect being greater in the material with the smaller particles. C 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Thermal Decomposition and Ignition of PBXN-110 Plastic-Bonded Explosive
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2012
Due to safety requirements, insensitive behavior in slow or fast thermal heating (cook-off) conditions is a desired behavior for today's munitions. The ignition time of munitions under slow or fast cook-off conditions is an important parameter in the design of insensitive munitions. The critical temperature, which mainly depends on the chemical, physical, and the geometrical properties of the energetic material, is the determining factor whether the material will end up with thermal initiation or not, when it is exposed to an external heat source. In this study a slow cook-off test setup is designed and developed and the tests for a generic munition containing PBXN-110 plasticbonded explosive are performed in order to obtain temperature distribution in the test item, ignition time, ignition temperature, and ignition location. In this paper the development procedure and the experimental results of the slow cook-off tests are explained. Moreover, the kinetic parameters such as activation energy and pre-exponential factor for the plastic-bonded explosive obtained from the TGA tests are presented.
MRS Proceedings, 2005
Polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) are being increasingly used as energetic fillings and components in many systems. They are perceived as more chemically and mechanically stable than traditional fillings such as RDX/TNT. They are castable into predetermined shapes, machinable and can be used as structural components. However, along with all these undeniable advantages, as a class, these materials are now undergoing extensive characterisation to ensure they comply with both the legal and technical requirements in energetic systems.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Aluminized Polymer Bonded Explosives Formulations
Moammer Noreldeen , 2024
This study presents the preparation and evaluation of Aluminized Polymer Bonded Explosives (ABXs) formulations comprising RDX (Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), AL powder, and Isoprene Rubber (IR). The formulations were carefully prepared in a laboratory setting, with efficient mixing observed at 70°C and subsequent curing at 80°C for five days. Analysis of scanning electron microscope images revealed well-coated crystals, while density measurements ranged from (1.386 to 1.65)g/cm 3 indicating a direct correlation between AL powder content and density. Impact sensitivity testing ranged from (20.5 to 31.85) Joule demonstrated decreased sensitivity with higher AL powder percentages and reduced RDX content. The formulated ABXs exhibited favorable attributes, including ease of production, reduced sensitivity to impact, appropriate sensitivity to heat range from (231 to 236)°C, and commendable performance coupled with enhanced safety and long-term thermal stability. Hence, the findings suggest promising applications for ABXs formulations in ammunition projectiles and rocket warheads, Explosive Reactive Armor, and underwater weapons.
2012
In this paper, several fundamental investigations published over the past decades with regard to the thermal analysis of polymer-based explosives (PBXs) have been briefly reviewed. A number of explosive fillers and polymer bases that were used as their main ingredients of PBXs are summarized herein. In addition, the calculation methods for their decomposition kinetics and thermal stability parameters are also introduced in detail. It was concluded that only PBXs based on HMX, RDX and TATB have been widely investigated, and that some other PBXs containing innovative fillers, such as CL-20, TNAZ, NTO and BCHMX are at the design stage. The isoconversional methods and model fitting procedures are usually used to analyze the discrete thermolysis processes of PBXs. In addition, their thermal stability parameters such as shelf life, explosion delay, critical temperature, thermostability threshold, 500-day cookoff temperature and approximate time to explosion could be calculated easily from the kinetic data.