Supramolecular Structures – Reason and Imagination (original) (raw)

Supramolecular Synthons in Crystal Engineering—A New Organic Synthesis

Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 1995

Any organic crystal structure can be simplified to a network wherein the molecules are the nodes and the supramolecular synthons are the node connections. This approach to crystal engineering is illustrated in this paper with reference to organic structures based on the diamond network. By introducing N‚ ‚ ‚Br synthons into this network, a 2-fold-catenated structure is obtained for the 1:1 complex between hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and CBr 4. The use of C-H‚ ‚ ‚N mediated synthons in the same network results in the 1:2 complex of 1,3,5,7tetrabromoadamantane (AdBr 4) with HMT. Further structural flexibility is achieved by the interchange of molecular and supramolecular synthons. Accordingly, the diamond-based crystal structures of tetrakis-(4-bromophenyl)methane and the 1:1 molecular complex of tetraphenylmethane and CBr 4 are very similar. This near-identity arises because of the structural equivalence of the CBr 4 molecular synthon and the Br 4 supramolecular synthon and the ability of the CBr 4 molecule to participate in Br‚ ‚ ‚phenyl interactions. In general, there is much topological correspondence between organic and inorganic crystal structures, and this can be utilized in the description of organic crystal structures as networks. Such a depiction is of much practical utility and is different from Kitaigorodskii's model which distinguishes fundamentally between molecular and crystal structure. In the network model, molecular and supramolecular synthons are interchangeable within the same network structure.

Crystal Engineering and Molecular Architecture

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2007

The aim of this paper is to provide a link between research projects and education to optimize teaching and learning of related subjects. In a research project, three compounds including an intermolecular proton transfer compound, a hydrated carboxylic acid, and a metallic complex were synthesized, all of them have non-covalent interactions such as O−H•••O, O−H•••N and C−H•••O hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals forces and π-π stacking resulting to different supramolecular structures. The structures of compounds are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The classic concepts and definitions related to the subject are given in the last section.

Building inorganic supramolecular architectures using principles adopted from the organic solid state

IUCrJ, 2018

In order to develop transferable and practical avenues for the assembly of coordination complexes into architectures with specific dimensionality, a strategy utilizing ligands capable of simultaneous metal coordination and self-complementary hydrogen bonding is presented. The three ligands used, 2(1H)-pyrazinone, 4(3H)-pyrimidinone and 4(3H)-quinazolinone, consistently deliver the required synthetic vectors in a series of CdII coordination polymers, allowing for reproducible supramolecular synthesis that is insensitive to the different steric and geometric demands from potentially disruptive counterions. In all nine crystallographically characterized compounds presented here, directional intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between ligands on adjacent complex building blocks drive the assembly and orientation of discrete building blocks into largely predictable topologies. Furthermore, whether the solids are prepared from solution or through liquid-assisted grinding, the structural o...

From molecular to supramolecular to functional materials

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances

When molecules transition from solution into the condensed phase, their behavior and properties are to a large extent governed by intermolecular interactions. Despite the fact that such chemical bonds are relatively weak and reversible they are critically important to solubility, thermal and mechanical stability, optical properties, and many other key performance parameters of modern materials. Consequently, if we want to acquire the ability to design and construct new materials through a bottom-up approach that is both robust and versatile, we need a better understanding of the structural consequences, and balance between, intermolecular forces. In addition, we also need to establish more reliable and tangible connections between molecular structure and materials properties. In this presentation we will examine how hydrogen bonds, halogen bonds, and chalcogen bonds can drive the assembly of individual molecules into functional materials.

Supramolecular chemistry of molecular concepts: tautomers, chirality, protecting groups, trisubstituted olefins, cyclophanes, and their impact on the organic solid state

2012

Elacqua, Elizabeth. "Supramolecular chemistry of molecular concepts: tautomers, chirality, protecting groups, trisubstituted olefins, cyclophanes, and their impact on the organic solid state." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2012.

Supramolecular Chemistry: Unveiling the Fascinating World of Non-Covalent Interactions and Complex Assemblies

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Research, 2023

Supramolecular chemistry is a captivating and interdisciplinary field that explores the interactions between molecules to form complex and functional assemblies through non-covalent forces. This review paper presents an indepth exploration of the fundamental concepts, supramolecular assemblies and structures, applications in nanotechnology and biology, as well as challenges and future perspectives in supramolecular chemistry. The paper begins by elucidating the fundamental principles of supramolecular chemistry, emphasizing the significance of weak, non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and π-π interactions. Molecular recognition, self-assembly, and host-guest interactions are highlighted as key concepts shaping the field. Subsequently, the review delves into various supramolecular assemblies and structures, showcasing the diversity of nanoscale architectures that arise from self-assembly processes. From nanotubes and nanofibers to metal-organic frameworks and dynamic supramolecular systems, each structure's properties and potential applications are explored. The application of supramolecular chemistry in nanotechnology and biology is a central focus of the paper. It covers the design of supramolecular materials for drug delivery, nanoelectronics, nanosensors, and biomimetic systems. Additionally, the integration of supramolecular approaches in biology, including molecular recognition, enzyme mimics, and bioimaging, is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges faced by supramolecular chemistry, such as predictability, stability, and scalability, are addressed. The paper also looks into the future perspectives of the field, envisioning adaptive materials, supramolecular machines, and data-driven design as exciting prospects. Overall, this comprehensive review offers a thorough understanding of the captivating world of supramolecular chemistry and its potential to revolutionize various scientific and technological domains. Through interdisciplinary efforts and a focus on sustainability, supramolecular chemistry holds promise for addressing real-world challenges and shaping a future defined by innovative materials and transformative applications.