The Zebrafish Embryo as a Model to Test Protective Effects of Food Antioxidant Compounds (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering , 2021
The synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used as an additives in food, cosmetic and plastic industries to increase the tenability. These antioxidants are degraded into mammals, yet as into the environment like river and water. for instance the common intake of BHT (butyl hydroxytoulene) i.e. one among the kinds of SPAs (synthetic phenolic antioxidants) being is estimated to be 0.3 mg/kg weight, while it absolutely was considered as safe for human at authorized level, but it’s ubiquitous presence within the aquatic environment and its controversial toxicological data are of great concern for human similarly as aquatic life. This study summarizes both the synthetic and natural phenolic antioxidants, mainly emphasizing their mode of action, health effects, degradation products and toxicology. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has prove to be a wonderful vertebrate organism for analyzing various developmental stages, decreasing model, and screening of drug toxicities thanks to their minuscule, high fecundity, optical transparency and their close resemblance with the genome of creature.
Aquaculture Research, 2020
Butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) chemically referred to as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1-4 methyl phenol is one of the most extensively used synthetic phenolic antioxidant in foods, mainly containing fats and oils, packaging materials and cosmetics by arresting the chain reaction in the oxidation of other molecules which results in increasing shelf-life of the products (Lanigan & Yamarik, 2002; Parke & Lewis, 1992; Yang et al., 2018). Among various synthetic phenolic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is most commonly used in foodstuff with maximum allowable addition amount of 200 mg/Kg in food, beverages or oil products regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Union (EU) and CODEX
Zebrafish as a Useful Model to Study Oxidative Stress-Linked Disorders: Focus on Flavonoids
Antioxidants, 2021
The zebrafish is considered one of the most versatile experimental animal models. The transparency of the embryos, the small size, the rapid development and the homology with higher vertebrates have made the zebrafish a valuable model also for drug screening. Its use is closely related for the determination of bioactivity, toxicity and off-target side effects of novel drug candidates, which also allows a thorough evaluation of new targets; thus, it may represent a suitable model for drug screening and the optimization of novel candidates. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds widely present in fruits, vegetables and cereals. Polyphenols are important for both plants and humans, considering their involvement in defense mechanisms, particularly against oxidative stress. They protect plants from biotic and abiotic stressors and prevent or treat oxidative-based human diseases. For these reasons, polyphenols are used as nutraceuticals, functional foods and supplements by the pharmaceutic...
Toxicity and Selective Biochemical Assessment of Quercetin, Gallic Acid, and Curcumin in Zebrafish
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2019
In recent years, numerous research outcomes were established on various naturally occurring compounds that have been shown to have beneficial antioxidant and other biological activities. Antioxidant defence mechanism plays a vital role in combating various diseases mainly due to oxidative stress. However, various models have been utilized to identify their bioactivities using these compounds (quercetin, gallic acid and curcumin). Their toxicity level also has to be explored to determine the threshold levels on the usage of these compounds. In this study, we investigated the lethal concentration of these compounds and abnormalities, biochemical and morphological changes in zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio). Toxicity level was evaluated by calculating the LD 50 on the embryonic stages at 24, 48 and 72 h. Antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and biological assays such as lipid peroxidation, protein estimation were performed. Microscopic evaluations were also observed to find out morphological abnormalities. However, these naturally derived compounds are reported to have their protective and curative role in many health complications. From the above assays, we are studying the effect of the drugs in both biochemical and molecular way in the zebrafish model organism.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of food compounds using zebrafish
2018
The principal aim of this work was to optimize and apply a zebrafish experimental model for the screening of anti-inflammatory substances present in the Mediterranean diet. The zebrafish is an organism widely used in various fields of experimental biology. The inflammation is easily inducible, reproducible and visualized in their early stages of development. Specifically, the migration of neutrophils to the injured caudal fin, one of the first steps of the inflammatory response, is quantitatively measured by image analysis. The anti-inflammatory effect of natural compounds can be evaluated as a decrease of migration. Adverse effects triggered by inflammation are mainly mediated by reactive oxygen species. The anti-oxidant activity of compounds was evaluated in zebrafish embryo measuring their protective effect against tert-butyl hydroperoxide toxicity. Several phenolic compounds have been assayed. Our results showed that the compounds with the greatest decrease on neutrophil migrati...
Keap1/Nrf2-independent antioxidative activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract in zebrafish
Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology
The Keap1 protein (Kelch-like ECH-related protein 1) and the Nrf2 transcription factor (NF-E2-related factor 2) are important systems for maintaining homeostasis, redox, and metabolism. Based on the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, the antioxidative mechanism of P. amarus extract (PAE) was predicted. In this paper, we evaluated the protective effects of PAE on the oxidative toxicity induced by sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in zebrafish larvae. We first determined that the LC50 values for NaAsO2, H2O2, and PAE at 3.5 days postfertilization (dpf) were 1 mM, 3 mM, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Then, to assess the antioxidant effects of P. amarus, 3.5 dpf zebrafish larvae were pretreated with PAE at concentrations of 0, 50, 75, and 100 μg/ml for 12 h, and then the PAE solution was replaced with 1 mM NaAsO2 or 3 mM H2O2 to assess challenge survival within 48 h. Interestingly, all three concentrations, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL PAE, increased the survival rate of zebrafish larvae co...
Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research
Four experimental diets were formulated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of phenolic compounds (PCs) kg-1 feed, derived from mango peel. The control diet did not contain PCs. A total of 120 male zebrafish (Danio rerio) (average weight: 166 mg) were fed for eight weeks to assess the ability of PCs to prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance antioxidant status. Growth performance was calculated at the end of the experimental trial. Lipid peroxidations in muscle and antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver were evaluated at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in growth performance among treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle were significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg of PCs per kg of feed. Incorporation of PCs into zebrafish diet did not have any significant effects on glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. However, catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly in fish with diets containing 100, 150 and 200 mg of PCs kg-1 feed. These results suggest a potential protective effect against in vivo lipid peroxidation and CAT-modulating effects.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2011
Bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (NP) are well-known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) present in the aquatic environment, but little is known about their oxidative stress effects on fish embryos. In the present study, we examined the oxidative stress indices and antioxidant parameters of zebrafish embryos after a short-term exposure to various concentrations of BPA, NP, and their mixture (BPA-NP) for 4 h postfertilization (hpf) to 168 hpf. Exposure to the chemicals was found to enhance the production of hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. The content of total glutathione (TG), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSH), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase were all significantly inhibited after exposure to BPA, NP, and BPA-NP, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress. Coexposure to BPA-NP resulted in an additive effect on some antioxidant parameters. In addition, the alkaline phosphatase activity was also significantly inhibited after exposure to BPA, NP, and their mixtures. Our results demonstrated that BPA, NP, and BPA-NP in aquatic systems can affect antioxidant responses in zebrafish embryos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:233530: -234130: . # 2011
This work is based on identifying the analysis techniques used to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects using the zebrafish model. In this context, a literature review was performed with the Web of Science database. We used the terms zebra fish, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, model, and Danio rerio. Fifty articles were reviewed, of which thirty-three were chosen to perform this review and were classified according to the source of plant extracts, compounds extracted from plants, chemical compounds, and other sources. This paper is an effort to provide a literature review on zebrafish models and elucidate their pros and cons to evaluate anti-inflamatory and antioxidant activity.
Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a "whole embryo ROS-detection method" for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a "single-cell ROS detection method" for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.