Patient care for postamputation pain and the complexity of therapies: living experiences (original) (raw)
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Management of Post-Amputation Pain
2020
INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of amputation and post-amputation pain (PAP) is rising. There are two main types of PAP: residual limb pain (RLP) and phantom limb pain (PLP), with an estimated 95% of people with amputations experiencing one or both. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT: The majority of chronic PAP is due to phantom limb pain, which is neurogenic in nature. Common medications used include tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and opioids. Newer studies are evaluating alternative drugs such as ketamine and local anesthetics. REHABILITATION MANAGEMENT: Mirror visual feedback and cognitive behavioral therapy are often effective adjunct therapies and have minimal adverse effects. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT: Neuromodulatory treatment and surgery for neuromas have been found to help select patients with PAP. CONCLUSION: PAP is a complex condition with mechanisms that can be located at the residual limb, spinal cord, and brain-or a combination. This complex pain can be difficult to treat. The mainstays of treatment are largely medical, but several surgical options are also being studied.
Advances in the Treatment of Phantom Limb Pain
Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, 2014
Phantom limb pain (PLP) continues to place a significant emotional and physical burden on amputees and remains a challenge for those treating amputees. Despite advances in psychological, pharmacologic, and interventional therapies, treatment modalities and research results show promise, but there is no evidence to highly recommend any particular treatment. This review concludes that the best treatment approach is a measured and diligent trial of multiple modes of treatment. As researchers forge forward toward definitively establishing etiologies, focused treatment options may become available. Until then, PLP is an area that calls for intense research and which will continue to challenge the clinician caring for the amputee population.
British journal of pain, 2016
Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a prevalent complication post-amputation. Currently, qualitative literature exploring the experience of PLP in amputees is sparse, and little is known about whether the educational needs of amputees are being met. To explore lower limb amputees' descriptive lived experiences of PLP, to understand how PLP affects quality of life and to determine whether amputees feel they are provided with adequate information about PLP. A qualitative descriptive approach, situated under the constructivist paradigm was taken, consisting of cross-sectional semi-structured interviews. A purposive sample of 15 lower limb amputees, 1-3 months post-surgery with past or current experience of PLP were interviewed once about their experience of PLP. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using Framework Analysis. Interviews were conducted while participants were inpatients at an amputee rehabilitation unit in London. Six key themes were identified dur...
Treating phantom limb pain following amputation
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Postamputation Pain and Sensory Changes in Treatment-naive Patients
Anesthesiology, 2005
Background Pain after amputation is common but difficult to treat, and few controlled treatment studies exist. Methods In the current study, 94 treatment-naive posttraumatic limb amputees with phantom pain (intensity: mean visual analog scale score [0-100], 40 [95% confidence interval, 38-41]) were randomly assigned to receive individually titrated doses of tramadol, placebo (double-blind comparison), or amitriptyline (open comparison) for 1 month. Nonresponders were crossed over to the alternative active treatment. Results After 1 month, phantom pain intensity was 1 (0-2) in the 48 tramadol responders (mean dose, 448 mg [95% confidence interval, 391-505 mg]), 0 (0-0) in the 40 amitriptyline responders (55 [50-59] mg), and 0 (0-0) in the 2 placebo responders, with similar effects on stump pain. Cytochrome P-450 2D6 slow metabolizers derived greater analgesia from tramadol and less from amitriptyline compared with fast metabolizers in the first treatment week (P < 0.01). Electrica...
Know Pain Know Gain: proposing a treatment approach for phantom limb pain
Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 2013
Phantom limb pain affects between 50 and 80% of amputees. With an increasing number of battle casualties having had an amputation after combat trauma, it is inevitable that both primary and secondary care clinicians will come into contact with a patient with phantom limb pain (PLP). It is widely acknowledged that its complex aetiology means that this condition is often poorly understood and difficult to manage. A growing pathophysiological understanding is shedding new light on the mechanisms which underlie PLP. Knowledge of these mechanisms will inform treatment and enable clinicians to plan and implement solutions which make a difference to those individuals with this condition. This paper seeks to outline current research into this condition and proposes an approach to treatment. This approach has been formulated from an amalgamation of clinical experience working with battle casualties at the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Headley Court.
Journal of the American College of Surgeons
BACKGROUND: A majority of the nearly 2 million Americans living with limb loss suffer from chronic pain in the form of neuroma-related residual limb and phantom limb pain (PLP). Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) surgically transfers amputated nerves to nearby motor nerves for prevention of neuroma. The objective of this study was to determine whether TMR at the time of major limb amputation decreases the incidence and severity of PLP and residual limb pain. STUDY DESIGN: A multi-institutional cohort study was conducted between 2012 and 2018. Fifty-one patients undergoing major limb amputation with immediate TMR were compared with 438 unselected major limb amputees. Primary outcomes included an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain intensity, behavior, and interference. RESULTS: Patients who underwent TMR had less PLP and residual limb pain compared with untreated amputee controls, across all subgroups and by all measures. Median "worst pain in the past 24 hours" for the TMR cohort was 1 out of 10 compared to 5 (PLP) and 4 (residual) out of 10 in the control population (p ¼ 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Median PROMIS t-scores were lower in TMR patients for both PLP (pain intensity [36.3 vs 48.3], pain behavior [50.1 vs 56.6], and pain interference [40.7 vs 55.8]) and residual limb pain (pain intensity [30.7 vs 46.8], pain behavior [36.7 vs 57.3], and pain interference [40.7 vs 57.3]). Targeted muscle reinnervation was associated with 3.03 (PLP) and 3.92 (residual) times higher odds of decreasing pain severity compared with general amputee participants. CONCLUSIONS: Preemptive surgical intervention of amputated nerves with TMR at the time of limb loss should be strongly considered to reduce pathologic phantom limb pain and symptomatic neuroma-related residual limb pain.