Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) among clients visiting ‘Tefera Hailu’ memorial hospital, Sekota, Northern Ethiopia (original) (raw)
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Introduction: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that caused by hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B virus replicates in the liver and causes both acute and chronic hepatitis. The virus predominantly transmitted through a blood and sexual contact from potential sources. Healthcare professionals are at great risk of occupational exposure to this virus. Objective: To assess the sero-prevalence and associated factors of Hepatitis B virus infection among healthcare professionals in Adama town Oromia region, Ethiopia, from December1/ 2018-February 30/2019. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted, a total of 457 health professionals were included in the study by using simple random sampling. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and associated factors for Hepatitis B virus infection was collected by structured interviewer administered questionnaire and 3-5ml of blood sample was collected, all specimen collection and processing was done following standard operating procedures, ELISA testing was used. Data entry was done by EPI info version 7, and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Both Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship between independent and Outcome variables. Those factors showing a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Out of 457 health professionals screened for HBV surface antigen, the overall HBV infection was 8 (1.8%). The high rate 7 (3.1%) of infection was detected among age group of 30-39 years. Four (16%) of the study Participants had no experience of hand wash before and after patient and sample contact (P = 0.019 and this was statistically significant. Two (5.5%) of participants with history of body fluid splash in cutaneous and mucocutaneous exposure were positive for HBsAg (P = 0.030), it was statistically significant. Among those who had history of Multiple sex partners of the study participant are statistically significant, one (25%) were positive for HBsAg (P = 0.010). Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of HBV infection among health care professional was 1.8%. Multiple sex partners, not hand washing before and after patient contact and body fluid splash was significantly associated with HBV infection. All health professional-wide hepatitis immunization program should further implemented, The Ministry of Health could consider offering subsidized or free Hepatitis B vaccination to HCWs and trainings on infection prevention should be more readily available for these high risk groups.
Epidemiology international journal, 2021
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is known as one of the most important public health challenges these days in Nigeria. The viral infection makes up of infectious hazards due to its risk of transmission. There is needed to keep updating the knowledge of the prevalence of HBV infection in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Based on these premises, this study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of HBV infection among patients attending General Hospital Doma, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. This was a crosssectional study carried out over a three months period. A total of 247 patients attending the hospital were consecutively recruited for the study. Information on demographics and risk factors were obtained with a self-administered questionnaire. Rapid diagnostic test kits (ASPEN Laboratory Inc, USA) were used to detect the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). An overall prevalence of HBV infection was 17.0%. HBsAg seropositivity was more in females than males (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the infection was highest among those aged 11-19 years (34.6%) and lowest among those aged 30-39 years old (11.5%). In this study, marital status, occupation, history of blood transfusion, history of HBV vaccine and scarification marks had no statistically significant association with HBV infection (p > 0.05). Although, history of blood transfusion, lack of HBV vaccination and absence of scarification marks are strong predictors in the study. This study confirmed a high endemicity of HBsAg among patients in the area. It is therefore recommended that immunization and awareness programs that mitigate the transmissibility and clinical consequences of the viral pathogen in infected patients should be advocated.
Abstract of applied sciences and engineering, 2016
Background: Sub-Saharan Africa has a high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Health care workers (HCWs) are at high risk of contracting HBV infection through their occupation. Vaccination of HCWs against HBV is standard practice in many countries, but is often not implemented in resource-poor settings. We aimed with this cross-sectional study to determine HBV prevalence, HCW vaccination status, and the risk factors for HCWs contracting HBV infection in Tanzania. Methods: We enrolled 600 HCWs from a tertiary Tanzanian hospital. Their demographics, medical histories, HBV vaccination details and risk factors for contracting blood-borne infections were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers by ELISA techniques, PCR and an anti-HBs rapid test. HCWs were divided in two subgroups: those at risk of contracting HBV (rHCW 79.2 %) via exposure to potentially infectious materials, and those considered not at risk of contracting HBV (nrHCW, 20.8 %). Results: The overall prevalence of chronic HBV infection (HBsAg+, anti-HBc+, anti-HBs-) was 7.0 % (42/598). Chronic HBV infection was found in 7.4 % of rHCW versus 5.6 % of nrHCW (p-value = 0.484). HCWs susceptible to HBV (HBsAg-, anti-HBc-, anti-HBs-) comprised 31.3 %. HBV immunity achieved either by healed HBV infection (HBsAg-, anti-HBc+, anti-HBs+) or by vaccination (HBsAg-, anti-HBc-, anti-HBs+) comprised 36.5 % and 20.2 %, respectively. 4.8 % of participants had indeterminate results (HBsAg-, anti-HBc+, anti-HBc-IgM-, anti-HBs-). Only 77.1 % of HCWs who received a full vaccination course had an anti-HBs titer >10 ml/U. An anti-HBs point-of-care test was 80.7 % sensitive and 96.9 % specific. There was a significantly higher risk for contracting HBV (anti-HBc+) among those HCW at occupational risk (rHCW) of older age (odds ratios (OR) in rHCW 3.297, p < 0.0001 vs. nrHCW 1.385, p = 0.606) and among those HCW being employed more than 11 years (OR 2.51, p < 0.0001***). HCV prevalence was low (HCV antibodies 1.2 % and HCV-RNA 0.3 %). Conclusions: Chronic HBV infection is common among Tanzanian HCWs. One third of HCWs were susceptible to HBV infection, highlighting the need for vaccination. Due to high prevalence of naturally acquired immunity against HBV pre-testing might be a useful tool to identify susceptible individuals.
Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 2018
Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is one of the most infectious diseases worldwide and a major public health concern. In spite of efforts at controlling the scourge globally, HBV continues to thrive in developing countries, such as Nigeria due to ignorance on its mode of transmission and its asymptomatic nature in the populace. Therefore, this community-based study was carried out in Yemetu community in Ibadan, Nigeria to determine the burden of HBV infection among asymptomatic residents of this community. Methodology: Blood samples were aseptically collected from consenting 150 participants, male (m = 49) and female (f = 101), age ranged 15->55 years (Median age = 27.3 years). Astructured questionnaire was used to capture demographic data and other relevant information from these participants. Sera from these samples were tested for HBsAg using a 3rd generation Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA) Wantai HBV Diagnostics kit. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and ANOVA at 95% CI with P < 0.05 considered as significant. Results: An overall seroprevalence rate for HBV in this study was 7.3%. HBV infection was higher among male (8.2%) than in female (6.7%), 1.4 times higher in male compared to their female counterparts (OR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.01-2.06) and also statistically significant (P = 0.043). Participants in the age groups 25-34 (10.3%) and >55 (4.2%) years had highest and lowest rates of HBV infection, respectively. Further analysis of the results by occupation shows that HBV infection was highest among Artisans (10.7%), followed by Students (6.9%) and Traders (6.9%) and lowest (5.6%) among Civil servants who are sexually active, married and unmarried. However, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.081). Conclusion: This study reported relatively high prevalence for HBV infection among asymptomatic population, which is of public health importance and this calls for urgent attention. Therefore, public sensitization on HBV transmission and control for all through voluntary counseling and testing is advocated.
Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2023
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects the liver and can lead to potentially life-threatening acute or chronic disease. The population with high HBV infection prevalence of ≥ 8%, such as Nigeria, presents the highest risk of HBV transmission among health-workers. There is a need to disseminate knowledge of HBV infection and the risk of transmission to health-workers. In this baseline study, the team assessed the knowledge of HBV infection among health-workers in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in AMAC, Abuja. We conducted cross-sectional descriptive research that studied 168 randomly selected health-workers from 58 PHCs in AMAC, collected data with a pre-tested structured questionnaire, and analyzed it with SPSS version 21.0. The knowledge level of HBV symptoms and transmission ranged from 57.1% to 85.7%s and 84.5% to 91.7%, respectively. About 67% demonstrated good knowledge of HBV screening for pregnant women and 69% of Hepatitis B vaccination at birth. All the PHCs (100%) reported the unavailability of guidelines/protocols for HBV infection in pregnancy management and prevention. Furthermore, 51.2%, 53.7%, and 55.6% demonstrated poor knowledge of referral, PMTCT eligibility, and increased need for laboratory tests, respectively. Moreover, 60.2% showed poor awareness of treatment eligibility and 61.2% of choice of drug. Concluding, the respondents demonstrated good knowledge of HBV infection symptoms, transmission, screening for pregnant women, and vaccination schedules to prevent HBV infection. They showed a poor understanding of the referral of pregnant HBV seropositive women from the PHCs to secondary/tertiary hospitals, PMTCT, laboratory requirements for pregnant seropositive clients, and management of chronic HBV in pregnancy.
Background: Saudi sub-populations, including students in health colleges, and health care workers, pregnant women, remain at risk from infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Medical students are a group of health care workers that are at high risk to get and spread HBV because their activities involve contact with patients or blood or other body fluids in healthcare, laboratories or public-safety settings. Objectives: This study aims to make screening study about awareness of HBV among Students of Medical and Health Colleges in Hail University, Hail, KSA. Methods: About 281 out of 400 students from Medical and Health Colleges were responding to the questionnaire (81.5% females and 18.5% males). Results: About 73% of Saudi population needs educational support to know information about HBV disease, as only 19.9% of students knew the time for the HBV virus to be alive before go to infect any person (7 days). Only 37.7% of students knew that hepatitis B vaccination protect against infection and 46.3% of students were vaccinated against HBV. About 53.7% of students knew that sharing personal tools, saliva, shaking hands of patients were not safe practices and caused infection. While 74.7% of the students knew that HBV vaccination safe and effective and 80.1% knew the methods of disease transmission. It is highly recommended that HBV vaccine showed be given to all non vaccinated students with no cost to encourage them to take the HBV vaccine. HBV disease should be included in the educational curriculum as tutorials and assignments to effectively limit the hazardous effects of this disease and protect them from HBV infection. Key Words: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Complications, Transmission, Medical and Health College students, Hail University, Saudi Arabia.
Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in North Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study
Hepatic Medicine : Evidence and Research, 2023
Background: Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is an important clinical and public health problem that contributes to liver-related public health morbidity and mortality. Although childhood vaccination was introduced in 1980, hospital admissions, morbidity and mortality rates from HBV infection increased in Ethiopia. Risk factors for HBV infection and associated complications generally vary from case to case. No epidemiological studies have identified the risk factors for HBV infection in northern Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify risk factors for HBV infection in specialist and teaching hospitals in Ayder. Methods: From March 2019 to May 2019, an unmatched hospital-based case-control study has been carried out on a total of 213 patients [71 cases and 142 controls] in northern Ethiopia. Cases were selected sequentially and two consecutive controls were selected for each case by a simple random method. The data were collected using pretested questionnaires structured by the interviewer as part of a face-to-face interview. Data were entered in Epi Data version 3.1, exported and analyzed with SPSS version 22. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Statistical significance was given as P <0.05. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with familial exposure to hepatitis (AOR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5-9.01), prior traditional medical procedure (AOR 1.2, 95% CI: 1.08-3.4), any history of dental procedures (AOR 3.8, 95% CI: 1.8-9.01) were associated risk factors to hepatitis B virus infection, and awareness of sexually transmitted hepatitis B virus infection (AOR 0.084, 95% CI: 0.01-0.6) is less likely to be infected with hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusion: This study (findings) demonstrated that contact with a case of hepatitis in the family, history of dentist visits, prior traditional medical procedure, and lack of awareness of its transmission through sexual contact have been identified as independent risk factors for the development of hepatitis B virus infection.
Seroprevalence and Knowledge of Hepatitis B among Healthcare Workers in Saki, Southwest, Nigeria
Background: Hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV); an enveloped DNA virus which causes chronic liver diseases. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of certain viral hepatitis infection due to their occupational exposure to infected body fluids as well as injuries from sharp objects. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses and medical laboratory personnel in State Hospital and Baptist Medical Centre, Saki, Oke-Ogun Area, Oyo State, Southwest, Nigeria. Participants who consented to the study completed a structured self-administered questionnaire for data collection on their knowledge of HBV infection. Venous blood was collected aseptically and the sample was used for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening using rapid test kit. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25 for Windows. Results: A total of 140 HCWs aged 20-59 years participated in the study, comprising of 21(15%) males and 119 (85%) females. Most participants were nurses (52.14%) with the 20-24 years age group most represented (48.57%) and the 55-59 years age group least represented (0.71%). The seropositivity of HBsAg was 5%; with more females (3.57%) than males and more nurses (2.86%) than medical laboratory personnel. The positivity was found in individuals younger than 50 years of age. There was no statistically significant association between HBV positivity, age, sex and HCW category. Majority of the HCWs were aware of the infection (92.86%) and its modes of transmission (72.86%). Participants also had a good knowledge of the infection though some have had needle stick injury (12.14%) and a relatively high proportion have also been fully vaccinated (73.57%). Conclusion: With proper health education, accurate diagnosis, proper treatment of infected individuals, good knowledge of disease transmission and prevention as well as good vaccination coverage, HBV infection amongst HCWs can be prevented and its prevalence reduced.
BMC Research Notes, 2016
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the health setting is a global public health problem. The risk of occupational exposure to HBV among health care workers is a major concern, especially among students in health professions. In Ethiopia, very little is known about the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of trainees in the health professions towards occupational risk of HBV. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the level of KAP of medicine and health Sciences students in Northwest Ethiopia towards occupational risk of HBV infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2015 to June 2015. A total of 246 students of health care professions were included into the study using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire and analysed by using SPSS version 20. Results: Majority of the study participants, (>80 %) had an adequate knowledge on risk factors for HBV, its mode of transmissions, and preventions. Two hundred of 246 (83.3 %) participants had positive attitude towards following infection control guidelines, and 201 (81.7 %) respondents believe that all HCWs should take HBV vaccine. However, only 5 (2 %) students had completed the three doses schedule of HBV vaccination. Whereas, a significant number of students, 66 (26.8 %), had been exposed to blood/body fluid via needle stick injury at least once since they started their training in the health facility. Conclusions: Our study found that trainees in health profession are at a very high risk of contracting HBV infection during their training owing to the low HBV vaccine uptake rate and high rate of accidental exposure to blood. Thus, we recommend that all students in the health profession should be vaccinated prior to their entry into professional practices.