Supercritical Extraction of Red Propolis: Operational Conditions and Chemical Characterization (original) (raw)
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Brazilian Journal of Development, 2022
Technologies for extraction and fractionation of phenolic compounds from a typical propolis from northeastern Brazil, called red propolis, using supercritical fluids may represent an environmentally correct alternative to the current extraction processes, as they are included in the concept of "green chemistry". The objective of this work was to extract and fractionate the phenolic compounds from red propolis: I) Using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as solvent and ethanol as co-solvent to obtain an ethanolic extract; II) Using scCO2 as solvent and a mixture of ethanol: water (70:30, v / v) as co-solvent to obtain a hydroalcoholic extract. After extraction, the ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts were fractionated using scCO2 as antisolvent at a constant temperature of 50 ºC, subjected to four gradual pressures, in a sequential of separators operated at 200, 100 and 80 bar, at the end, atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar). The procedure was characterized according to extraction yield; total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and color. It was found that the pressure influenced the yield and the concentration of the phenolic compounds in the extracts, demonstrating that the most efficient fractionation process occurred in the first and second separators. Overall, all extracts showed high antioxidant activity.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of raw propolis and its dry ethanolic extract
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2012
Three types of propolis extract were prepared and analyzed with respect to their global extraction yields and with respect to the concentration of the following markers: 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-methoxy-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone. The extract EEP (ethanolic extract of propolis) was obtained by the conventional method from raw propolis using ethanol as solvent. The extracts (SFE) were obtained by supercritical solvent extraction from the raw propolis using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2 ), with and without the addition of ethanol as a co-solvent. The fractionated supercritical extracts (FSCE) were obtained by fractionation (extract and raffinate) of the dry EEP with sc-CO 2 . EEP yields of 39.5% were obtained and maximum global extraction yields were 7.3% for SFE with no co-solvent, 51% for SFE with 15% ethanol and 18% for the FSCE extract fraction. The concentrations of the markers in the different extracts differed as a function of the operational parameters, indicating that the addition of co-solvent and the selectivity of sc-CO 2 could be manipulated so as to obtain extracts with the yields and concentrations of interest.
Mini review: Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in extraction of propolis extract
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health properties such as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Propolis cannot be utilized as raw material, due to its complex mixture of compounds. Hence it must be separated by the extraction process. Extraction targets to removes the inert compounds in the propolis sample and preserves the flavonoids and polyphenolic fraction. The most common technique used in propolis extraction is solvent extraction that involves the use of solvents such as ethanol, water, hexane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform. However, this conventional technique has some drawbacks including strong residual flavour, possible adverse reactions, harmful to the environment, low quality of the extract and long process period requi...
Propolis extracts obtained by low pressure methods and supercritical fluid extraction
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2009
Propolis is a natural product used for centuries by human kind, due to several evidenced biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-HIV. Extracts from propolis, used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, present quality and composition related to the extraction method applied. Natural compounds with biological activity can be obtained by conventional techniques, such as Soxhlet and Maceration, or by alternative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Thus, the aim of this work was to compare propolis extraction yields obtained by different procedures, for instance, SFE in one stage, with CO 2 and CO 2 plus co-solvent, and SFE in two stages, as well as Soxhlet and Maceration as low pressure extraction methods using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, water and mixtures of water/ethanol. The operational conditions for SFE in one stage with pure CO 2 were: 30, 40 and 50 • C and from 100 to 250 bar. The SFE with co-solvent was performed at 150 bar and 40 • C and ethanol concentrations of 2, 5 and 7% (w/w). The highest yield was obtained by chloroform Soxhlet extraction (73 ± 2%, w/w) whereas for SFE the maximum yield was 24.8 ± 0.9%, using 5% ethanol as co-solvent. For SFE in two stages, 100 and 150 bar were used in the first stage while 250 and 300 bar were applied in the second stage, at 40 • C. The yields were 8.4 ± 0.7 (150 bar) and 5.1 ± 0.7 (250 bar), for stages 1 and 2, respectively. The chemical composition of the propolis material was determined by HPLC analysis. The experimental data were correlated using four models based on differential mass balance equations: (1) the Sovová's model; (2) the logistic model (3) the diffusion model and (4) the simple single plate model (SSP). The logistic model provided the best adjustment for propolis SFE curves.
Journal of Food Process Engineering, 2010
The global yield and composition of extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction from a dry ethanolic extract of propolis were measured in order to determine the possibility of using SC-CO 2 to fractionate components of interest present in these extracts. The global yield extraction was measured, and also the concentrations of the following phenolic compounds in the resulting supercritical fluid extracts (SFEs): 3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (known as artepillin C), 3-prenyl-4hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric acid) and 4-methoxy-3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone (kaempferide), of which artepillin C was the target component of greatest interest. The results showed extraction yields between 3.82 (at 150 bar) and 13.07% (at 350 bar), which could be highly correlated with the density of the SC-CO 2 at a constant temperature of 60C. The resulting concentrations in the SFE indicated that the selectivity of the carbon dioxide could be manipulated, and it was more selective at lower pressures, although with lower extraction yields.
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2017
Extracts of green propolis were obtained by conventional process at atmospheric pressure and at high pressure using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2) as solvent and, ethanol and water and its mixtures as solvents or as CO 2 co-solvents. All extracts were evaluated with regards to the total phenol content, total flavonoids, Artepillin C, p-Coumaric Acid and Kaempferide and also was evaluated the antioxidant activity, and in vitro antimicrobial activity. The highest overall extraction yields were 53.5% in the three-step sequential extraction at high pressure and 44.7% at low pressure in a Soxhlet extractor. All extracts showed high antioxidant activity and presented antimicrobial activity. The highest levels of phenols of 222 mg GAE/g extract, of flavonoids of 67.0 mg CE/g extract, of artepillin C of 62.4 mg Artepillin C/g extract and high antioxidant activity were obtained in the ethanolic extract (80%) of the second stage of the two-step sequential process.
2013
Propolis has been used as a remedy in folk medicine, in apitherapy, as a constituent of biocosmetics, health foods and in numerous other purposes. The various biological activities of propolis have been attributed mainly to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids. Propolis has antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties, combined with the fact that several of its constituents are present in food and/or food additives make it an attractive candidate as a natural preservative in new food applications. Natural compounds with high biological activity can be obtained by conventional techniques, such as soxhlet or by alternative methods such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate different extraction techniques, such as extraction with water and ethanol as solvents and supercritical fluid extraction to obtain concentrated flavonoids extracts from green Brazilian propolis. The supercri...
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2019
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AIP Conference Proceedings, 2018
Antioxidants are inhibitory compounds that can inhibit auto oxidation reaction by binding to free radicals and highly reactive molecules. The human body needs antioxidant. Antioxidants can be obtained from a variety of natural ingredients, including propolis. Propolis is the natural sap of the bees, obtained from the herbs around the honeycomb. Ethanol is the solvent that often used to extract propolis. Although it has many advantages, ethanol also has weaknesses such as intolerance to alcohol by some people. Therefore, this research was to extract propolis Tetragonula sp. coarse (C) and soft (S) using four varieties of organic solvent, i.e. olive oil (OO), virgin coconut oil (VCO), propylene glycol (PG), and lecithin (L). It was expected to get the best solvent in extracting propolis. The selection of the best solvent was determined by total flavonoids and polyphenols content assay and antioxidant activity. At each test, the absorbance value read by a microplate reader. Flavonoids content assay is using AlCl3 method with best result on rough-VCO propolis extract of 2509,767 ± 615,02 μg/mL. Polyphenols content assay was using Folin Ciocalteu method with the best results on soft-VCO propolis extract of 1391 ± 171.47 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity assay is using DPPH method with best result on soft-VCO propolis extract with IC50 value of 1,559 ± 0,222 μg/mL.
Antioxidant activity and composition of propolis obtained by different methods of extraction
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2011
Extratos etanólicos de própolis obtidos a partir de diferentes concentrações de própolis e com álcool hidratado com diferentes teores de álcool/água foram analisados. A ação antioxidante destes extratos foi determinada através da captura do radical livre 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazila (DPPH•) e do poder de redução férrico (FRAP) utilizando o complexo férrico-tripiridiltriazina (Fe 3+ -TPTZ). O teor de compostos fenólicos totais e a quantificação de flavonóides também foram verificados e obtidos por espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray (ESI(-)-MS) dos extratos. Observou-se que a composição química dos extratos de própolis e sua atividade antioxidante variam com a concentração de própolis e, principalmente, com o teor de álcool/água do etanol hidratado utilizado na extração. Foi possível perceber também que a atividade antioxidante dos extratos é significativamente dependente destes parâmetros de extração e que as composições de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides também variam muito. Os valores de FRAP não apresentaram, porém, boa correlação com o teor de flavonóides.